Comprehensive Analysis of Oncogenic Determinants across Tumor Types via Multi-Omics Integration

Cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease characterized by the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations that drive uncontrolled cellular proliferation and survival. This review provides a comprehensive overview of key cancer driver genes, including oncogenes such as KRAS and PIK3CA, as well as tumor suppressor genes like TP53, PTEN, and CDKN2A, highlighting their molecular mechanisms and roles across various types of cancer. Leveraging insights from large-scale cancer genome initiatives and whole-genome sequencing, we examine the landscape of somatic mutations and their association with hallmark cancer pathways, including cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, metabolic reprogramming, and immune evasion. Multi-omics integration—encompassing genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and epigenomic data has enabled the identification of novel driver mutations, functional interactions, and tumor-specific vulnerabilities. We explore bioinformatics platforms, such as IntOGen, that facilitate the detection and prioritization of driver genes and discuss emerging concepts, including synthetic lethality, chromatin remodeling defects, and epigenetic dysregulation, involving genes like ARID1A, KMT2D, and RB1. Furthermore, we review therapeutic strategies targeting these molecular aberrations, including small-molecule inhibitors, pathway-based therapies, and precision oncology approaches guided by biomarkers. This synthesis underscores the importance of integrating multidimensional data to enhance our understanding of cancer biology and refine personalized treatment strategies for improved patient outcomes.