Open Access
Open access
Science of the Total Environment, volume 805, pages 150380

Antiviral drug Umifenovir (Arbidol) in municipal wastewater during the COVID-19 pandemic: Estimated levels and transformation

Publication typeJournal Article
Publication date2022-01-01
Quartile SCImago
Q1
Quartile WOS
Q1
Impact factor9.8
ISSN00489697, 18791026
Environmental Chemistry
Environmental Engineering
Pollution
Waste Management and Disposal
Abstract
An indole derivative umifenovir (Arbidol) is one of the most widely used antiviral drugs for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and some other viral infections. The purpose of the present study was to shed light on the transformation processes of umifenovir in municipal wastewater, including disinfection with active chlorine, as well as to assess the levels of the antiviral drug and its metabolites entering and accumulating in natural reservoirs under conditions of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The combination of high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization high-resolution mass-spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used for tentative identification and quantification of umifenovir and its transformation products in model reaction mixtures and real samples of wastewater, river water, biological sludge and bottom sediments taken at the wastewater treatment plant in Arkhangelsk, a large cultural and industrial center at the Russian North. Laboratory experiments allowed identifying fifteen bromine-containing transformation products, forming at the initial stages of the chlorination and fourteen classic volatile and semi volatile disinfection by-products with bromoform as the dominant one. Chlorinated derivatives are only the minor disinfection by-products forming by substitution of alkylamine group in the aromatic ring. The schemes of umifenovir transformation in reactions with dissolved oxygen and sodium hypochlorite are proposed. Two established primary transformation products formed by oxidation of the thioether group to sulfoxide and elimination of thiophenol were detected in noticeable concentrations in the wastewater together with their precursor. The level of umifenovir reached 1.3 mg kg-1 in the sludge and municipal wastewater treat contained 1 μg L-1 of that drug, while its removal during biological wastewater treatment was about 40%. Pronounced accumulation of umifenovir and its transformation products in biological sludge and bottom sediments of natural reservoirs may be a source of the future secondary pollution of the environment.

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GOST Copy
Ulyanovskii N. V. et al. Antiviral drug Umifenovir (Arbidol) in municipal wastewater during the COVID-19 pandemic: Estimated levels and transformation // Science of the Total Environment. 2022. Vol. 805. p. 150380.
GOST all authors (up to 50) Copy
Ulyanovskii N. V., Ulyanovskiy N., Kosyakov D. S., Sypalov S. A., Varsegov I. S., Shavrina I. S., Shavrina I. S., Lebedev A. T. Antiviral drug Umifenovir (Arbidol) in municipal wastewater during the COVID-19 pandemic: Estimated levels and transformation // Science of the Total Environment. 2022. Vol. 805. p. 150380.
RIS |
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RIS Copy
TY - JOUR
DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150380
UR - https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2021.150380
TI - Antiviral drug Umifenovir (Arbidol) in municipal wastewater during the COVID-19 pandemic: Estimated levels and transformation
T2 - Science of the Total Environment
AU - Ulyanovskii, Nikolay V
AU - Sypalov, Sergey A.
AU - Varsegov, Ilya S
AU - Shavrina, Irina S
AU - Ulyanovskiy, Nikolay
AU - Kosyakov, Dmitry S
AU - Shavrina, I S
AU - Lebedev, Albert T.
PY - 2022
DA - 2022/01/01 00:00:00
PB - Elsevier
SP - 150380
VL - 805
PMID - 34818770
SN - 0048-9697
SN - 1879-1026
ER -
BibTex
Cite this
BibTex Copy
@article{2022_Ulyanovskii
author = {Nikolay V Ulyanovskii and Sergey A. Sypalov and Ilya S Varsegov and Irina S Shavrina and Nikolay Ulyanovskiy and Dmitry S Kosyakov and I S Shavrina and Albert T. Lebedev},
title = {Antiviral drug Umifenovir (Arbidol) in municipal wastewater during the COVID-19 pandemic: Estimated levels and transformation},
journal = {Science of the Total Environment},
year = {2022},
volume = {805},
publisher = {Elsevier},
month = {jan},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2021.150380},
pages = {150380},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150380}
}
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