Nature, volume 606, issue 7915, pages 718-724
The source of the Black Death in fourteenth-century central Eurasia
Spyrou M. A.
1, 2, 3
,
Musralina Lyazzat
1, 3, 4, 5
,
Kocher Arthur
1, 3, 6
,
Borbone Pier Giorgio
7
,
Bos Kirsten I.
1, 3
,
Kühnert Denise
1, 3, 6, 10
,
Haak Wolfgang
1, 3
,
Slavin Philip
11
,
Krause Johannes
1, 3
1
Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
|
3
Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
|
6
Transmission, Infection, Diversification & Evolution Group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
|
10
European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
|
11
Division of History, Heritage and Politics, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
|
Publication type: Journal Article
Publication date: 2022-06-15
Multidisciplinary
Abstract
The origin of the medieval Black Death pandemic (ad 1346–1353) has been a topic of continuous investigation because of the pandemic’s extensive demographic impact and long-lasting consequences1,2. Until now, the most debated archaeological evidence potentially associated with the pandemic’s initiation derives from cemeteries located near Lake Issyk-Kul of modern-day Kyrgyzstan1,3–9. These sites are thought to have housed victims of a fourteenth-century epidemic as tombstone inscriptions directly dated to 1338–1339 state ‘pestilence’ as the cause of death for the buried individuals9. Here we report ancient DNA data from seven individuals exhumed from two of these cemeteries, Kara-Djigach and Burana. Our synthesis of archaeological, historical and ancient genomic data shows a clear involvement of the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis in this epidemic event. Two reconstructed ancient Y. pestis genomes represent a single strain and are identified as the most recent common ancestor of a major diversification commonly associated with the pandemic’s emergence, here dated to the first half of the fourteenth century. Comparisons with present-day diversity from Y. pestis reservoirs in the extended Tian Shan region support a local emergence of the recovered ancient strain. Through multiple lines of evidence, our data support an early fourteenth-century source of the second plague pandemic in central Eurasia.
Citations by journals
|
1
2
3
4
|
|
|
Problemy Osobo Opasnykh Infektsii
|
Problemy Osobo Opasnykh Infektsii
4 publications, 8.51%
|
|
Nature
|
Nature
3 publications, 6.38%
|
|
Scientific Reports
|
Scientific Reports
2 publications, 4.26%
|
|
Journal of Anthropological Research
|
Journal of Anthropological Research
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
Genes
|
Genes
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
Communications Biology
|
Communications Biology
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
Epidemiologia
|
Epidemiologia
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
Nature Reviews Microbiology
|
Nature Reviews Microbiology
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
|
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
Environmental History
|
Environmental History
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
Science of the Total Environment
|
Science of the Total Environment
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
Chemical Engineering Journal
|
Chemical Engineering Journal
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
Current Opinion in Microbiology
|
Current Opinion in Microbiology
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
Science
|
Science
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
Microbial Biotechnology
|
Microbial Biotechnology
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
|
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
Engineering
|
Engineering
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
iScience
|
iScience
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
PLoS Pathogens
|
PLoS Pathogens
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
Labor: Studies in Working-Class History
|
Labor: Studies in Working-Class History
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
Handbook of Research on Global Hospitality and Tourism Management
|
Handbook of Research on Global Hospitality and Tourism Management
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
Medical Hypotheses
|
Medical Hypotheses
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
Science China Chemistry
|
Science China Chemistry
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
Tuberculosis
|
Tuberculosis
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
GeoHealth
|
GeoHealth
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
Microbial genomics
|
Microbial genomics
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
SociologieS
|
SociologieS
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
Canadian bulletin of medical history = Bulletin canadien d'histoire de la médecine
|
Canadian bulletin of medical history = Bulletin canadien d'histoire de la médecine
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
Microorganisms
|
Microorganisms
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
1
2
3
4
|
Citations by publishers
|
2
4
6
8
10
|
|
|
Springer Nature
|
Springer Nature
10 publications, 21.28%
|
|
Elsevier
|
Elsevier
8 publications, 17.02%
|
|
Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute Microbe
|
Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute Microbe
4 publications, 8.51%
|
|
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
|
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
3 publications, 6.38%
|
|
Wiley
|
Wiley
2 publications, 4.26%
|
|
University of Chicago Press
|
University of Chicago Press
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
Oxford University Press
|
Oxford University Press
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
|
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
Wolters Kluwer Health
|
Wolters Kluwer Health
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
|
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
Duke University Press
|
Duke University Press
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
IGI Global
|
IGI Global
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
Microbiology Society
|
Microbiology Society
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
OpenEdition
|
OpenEdition
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
University of Toronto Press
|
University of Toronto Press
1 publication, 2.13%
|
|
2
4
6
8
10
|
- We do not take into account publications that without a DOI.
- Statistics recalculated only for publications connected to researchers, organizations and labs registered on the platform.
- Statistics recalculated weekly.
{"yearsCitations":{"type":"bar","data":{"show":true,"labels":[2022,2023,2024],"ids":[0,0,0],"codes":[0,0,0],"imageUrls":["","",""],"datasets":[{"label":"Citations number","data":[6,36,5],"backgroundColor":["#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6"],"percentage":["12.77","76.6","10.64"],"barThickness":null}]},"options":{"indexAxis":"x","maintainAspectRatio":true,"scales":{"y":{"ticks":{"precision":0,"autoSkip":false,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"}},"x":{"ticks":{"stepSize":1,"precision":0,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"}}},"plugins":{"legend":{"position":"top","labels":{"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"}},"title":{"display":true,"text":"Citations per year","font":{"size":24,"family":"Montserrat","weight":600},"color":"#000000"}}}},"journals":{"type":"bar","data":{"show":true,"labels":["Problemy Osobo Opasnykh Infektsii","Nature","Scientific Reports","Journal of Anthropological Research","Genes","Communications Biology","Epidemiologia","Nature Reviews Microbiology","Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","Environmental History","Science of the Total Environment","Chemical Engineering Journal","Current Opinion in Microbiology","Science","Microbial Biotechnology","Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease","Engineering","iScience","PLoS Pathogens","Labor: Studies in Working-Class History","Handbook of Research on Global Hospitality and Tourism Management","Medical Hypotheses","Science China Chemistry","Tuberculosis","GeoHealth","Microbial genomics","SociologieS","Canadian bulletin of medical history = Bulletin canadien d'histoire de la médecine","Microorganisms"],"ids":[7921,14611,13767,24496,8879,11778,29498,22276,20918,12884,2679,16275,16284,7711,21694,2117,4896,6073,5093,22908,42700,9190,14409,16282,5041,24030,41450,3807,6197],"codes":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"imageUrls":["\/storage\/images\/resized\/e7jk974354MQeImiJuA6HAjuSvVIDGNnGtD9zCKm_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/voXLqlsvTwv5p3iMQ8Dhs95nqB4AXOG7Taj7G4ra_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/voXLqlsvTwv5p3iMQ8Dhs95nqB4AXOG7Taj7G4ra_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/CTOYjPixCs5IRwmeo2P4NPY9yBLRrqAXGfSJPI9W_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/MjH1ITP7lMYGxeqUZfkt2BnVLgjkk413jwBV97XX_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/voXLqlsvTwv5p3iMQ8Dhs95nqB4AXOG7Taj7G4ra_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/MjH1ITP7lMYGxeqUZfkt2BnVLgjkk413jwBV97XX_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/voXLqlsvTwv5p3iMQ8Dhs95nqB4AXOG7Taj7G4ra_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/voXLqlsvTwv5p3iMQ8Dhs95nqB4AXOG7Taj7G4ra_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/yNSijlgQghQF53VZuyFLA30CKDe4j3HK74Vtpnxa_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/GDnYOu1UpMMfMMRV6Aqle4H0YLLsraeD9IP9qScG_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/GDnYOu1UpMMfMMRV6Aqle4H0YLLsraeD9IP9qScG_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/GDnYOu1UpMMfMMRV6Aqle4H0YLLsraeD9IP9qScG_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/s10mcsCV4OAUg9O2KrqOquQC0PhyLMI8hUUkuflM_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/bRyGpdm98BkAUYiK1YFNpl5Z7hPu6Gd87gbIeuG3_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/6QE8LXWrLpkoy5A2te6hw7who46GeCoTYIstuoAz_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/GDnYOu1UpMMfMMRV6Aqle4H0YLLsraeD9IP9qScG_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/GDnYOu1UpMMfMMRV6Aqle4H0YLLsraeD9IP9qScG_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/PRGhlgB4OKRltSNtT39eA6wlnOTGRap1QQ6FQHih_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/oY7ykmUgJnfVxNQNIqXQgNeYaDrpt2O8MbJsXtMi_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/7FMNeB9SnnAZoNUlPrVuDf3sVkEkt74weJA9emBp_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/GDnYOu1UpMMfMMRV6Aqle4H0YLLsraeD9IP9qScG_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/voXLqlsvTwv5p3iMQ8Dhs95nqB4AXOG7Taj7G4ra_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/GDnYOu1UpMMfMMRV6Aqle4H0YLLsraeD9IP9qScG_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/bRyGpdm98BkAUYiK1YFNpl5Z7hPu6Gd87gbIeuG3_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/RlMKyKHh4Q2iTSKF38VHwIFW4f6Ke5ChRSXbQHkq_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/QfUkEaUYReGOAfhfCFc61JeiLtI6QRDBbw9tTSYN_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/je5zlCXyM03dc2e5GElYH7wek9RZAkpbfQGesUUw_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/MjH1ITP7lMYGxeqUZfkt2BnVLgjkk413jwBV97XX_medium.webp"],"datasets":[{"label":"","data":[4,3,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],"backgroundColor":["#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6"],"percentage":[8.51,6.38,4.26,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13],"barThickness":13}]},"options":{"indexAxis":"y","maintainAspectRatio":false,"scales":{"y":{"ticks":{"precision":0,"autoSkip":false,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"}},"x":{"ticks":{"stepSize":null,"precision":0,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"}}},"plugins":{"legend":{"position":"top","labels":{"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"}},"title":{"display":true,"text":"Journals","font":{"size":24,"family":"Montserrat","weight":600},"color":"#000000"}}}},"publishers":{"type":"bar","data":{"show":true,"labels":["Springer Nature","Elsevier","Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute Microbe","Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","Wiley","University of Chicago Press","Oxford University Press","American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","Wolters Kluwer Health","Public Library of Science (PLoS)","Duke University Press","IGI Global","Microbiology Society","OpenEdition","University of Toronto Press"],"ids":[8,17,2611,202,11,297,19,189,32,344,169,7845,827,7384,7882],"codes":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"imageUrls":["\/storage\/images\/resized\/voXLqlsvTwv5p3iMQ8Dhs95nqB4AXOG7Taj7G4ra_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/GDnYOu1UpMMfMMRV6Aqle4H0YLLsraeD9IP9qScG_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/e7jk974354MQeImiJuA6HAjuSvVIDGNnGtD9zCKm_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/MjH1ITP7lMYGxeqUZfkt2BnVLgjkk413jwBV97XX_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/bRyGpdm98BkAUYiK1YFNpl5Z7hPu6Gd87gbIeuG3_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/CTOYjPixCs5IRwmeo2P4NPY9yBLRrqAXGfSJPI9W_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/yNSijlgQghQF53VZuyFLA30CKDe4j3HK74Vtpnxa_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/s10mcsCV4OAUg9O2KrqOquQC0PhyLMI8hUUkuflM_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/6QE8LXWrLpkoy5A2te6hw7who46GeCoTYIstuoAz_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/PRGhlgB4OKRltSNtT39eA6wlnOTGRap1QQ6FQHih_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/oY7ykmUgJnfVxNQNIqXQgNeYaDrpt2O8MbJsXtMi_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/7FMNeB9SnnAZoNUlPrVuDf3sVkEkt74weJA9emBp_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/RlMKyKHh4Q2iTSKF38VHwIFW4f6Ke5ChRSXbQHkq_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/QfUkEaUYReGOAfhfCFc61JeiLtI6QRDBbw9tTSYN_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/je5zlCXyM03dc2e5GElYH7wek9RZAkpbfQGesUUw_medium.webp"],"datasets":[{"label":"","data":[10,8,4,3,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],"backgroundColor":["#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6"],"percentage":[21.28,17.02,8.51,6.38,4.26,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13,2.13],"barThickness":13}]},"options":{"indexAxis":"y","maintainAspectRatio":false,"scales":{"y":{"ticks":{"precision":0,"autoSkip":false,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"}},"x":{"ticks":{"stepSize":null,"precision":0,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"}}},"plugins":{"legend":{"position":"top","labels":{"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"}},"title":{"display":true,"text":"Publishers","font":{"size":24,"family":"Montserrat","weight":600},"color":"#000000"}}}}}
Metrics
Cite this
GOST |
RIS |
BibTex |
MLA
Cite this
GOST
Copy
Spyrou M. A. et al. The source of the Black Death in fourteenth-century central Eurasia // Nature. 2022. Vol. 606. No. 7915. pp. 718-724.
GOST all authors (up to 50)
Copy
Spyrou M. A., Musralina L., Gnecchi Ruscone G. A., Kocher A., Borbone P. G., Khartanovich V. I., Buzhilova A., Djansugurova L., Bos K. I., Kühnert D., Haak W., Slavin P., Krause J. The source of the Black Death in fourteenth-century central Eurasia // Nature. 2022. Vol. 606. No. 7915. pp. 718-724.
Cite this
RIS
Copy
TY - JOUR
DO - 10.1038/s41586-022-04800-3
UR - https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-022-04800-3
TI - The source of the Black Death in fourteenth-century central Eurasia
T2 - Nature
AU - Spyrou, M. A.
AU - Musralina, Lyazzat
AU - Gnecchi Ruscone, Guido Alberto
AU - Kocher, Arthur
AU - Borbone, Pier Giorgio
AU - Khartanovich, Valeri I
AU - Buzhilova, Alexandra
AU - Djansugurova, Leyla
AU - Bos, Kirsten I.
AU - Kühnert, Denise
AU - Haak, Wolfgang
AU - Slavin, Philip
AU - Krause, Johannes
PY - 2022
DA - 2022/06/15 00:00:00
PB - Springer Nature
SP - 718-724
IS - 7915
VL - 606
SN - 0028-0836
SN - 1476-4687
ER -
Cite this
BibTex
Copy
@article{2022_Spyrou,
author = {M. A. Spyrou and Lyazzat Musralina and Guido Alberto Gnecchi Ruscone and Arthur Kocher and Pier Giorgio Borbone and Valeri I Khartanovich and Alexandra Buzhilova and Leyla Djansugurova and Kirsten I. Bos and Denise Kühnert and Wolfgang Haak and Philip Slavin and Johannes Krause},
title = {The source of the Black Death in fourteenth-century central Eurasia},
journal = {Nature},
year = {2022},
volume = {606},
publisher = {Springer Nature},
month = {jun},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-022-04800-3},
number = {7915},
pages = {718--724},
doi = {10.1038/s41586-022-04800-3}
}
Cite this
MLA
Copy
Spyrou, M. A., et al. “The source of the Black Death in fourteenth-century central Eurasia.” Nature, vol. 606, no. 7915, Jun. 2022, pp. 718-724. https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-022-04800-3.