Orthopedic Manifestations of In Utero Exposures to Teratogens/Infections

Despite improved prenatal access to care and increased knowledge of fetal toxic agents, babies are still born with musculoskeletal deformities that require attention from a pediatric orthopedic surgeon. A teratogenic agent or congenital infection is most likely to cause birth defects during organogenesis between days 15 and 60 of gestation. However, avoiding exposure to teratogens and infections throughout pregnancy is critical to decrease the risk of orthopedic manifestations related to in utero exposures. This chapter will highlight the most common teratogens and congenital infections which can predispose a fetus to orthopedic manifestations such as neural tube defects, limb deformities, and cerebral palsy secondary to premature delivery.