Hypoxia, Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cells

HypoxiaHypoxia, a hallmark of cancer found in 90% of solid tumors, not only limits the efficacy of therapeutic interventions but also contributes to poorer prognoses. The study reveals the critical role of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), particularly HIF-1α and HIF-2α, in regulating pathways associated with EMT, CSC maintenance, metabolic adaptation, quiescence, resistance, and angiogenesis in the TME. Overall, research data in this chapter explain a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted impact of hypoxia on cancer biology, with a focus on its influence on cancer stem cells, tumor progression, and therapy resistance. It covers various aspects of cancer biology, including angiogenesis, tumor vasculature, immune response, cancer metabolism, and stem cell biology, offering insights into the potential therapeutic implications of targeting hypoxia-regulated pathways in cancer treatment. In addition, this research provides a comprehensive overview of the interplay between hypoxiaHypoxia, metabolism, and exosome-mediated signaling in the tumor microenvironment. By focusing on these factors, researchers can develop more effective drug delivery systems for targeting and eliminating cancer stem cells. Finally, the findings highlight the importance of understanding and targeting the hypoxic microenvironment to develop effective approaches for combating cancer stem cells and overcoming treatment resistance.