Springer Proceedings in Physics, pages 53-64

GO/ZnO—Intensified Hybrid Nanomaterial as an Electrochemical Sensor for Formaldehyde Detection in Environmental Applications

Publication typeBook Chapter
Publication date2024-12-29
SJR0.135
CiteScore0.4
Impact factor
ISSN09308989, 18674941
Magar H.S., Hassan R.Y., Abbas M.N.
Scientific Reports scimago Q1 wos Q1 Open Access
2023-02-04 citations by CoLab: 46 PDF Abstract  
AbstractA new electrochemical impedimetric sensor for direct detection of urea was designed and fabricated using nanostructured screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) modified with CuO/Co3O4 @MWCNTs. A facile and simple hydrothermal method was achieved for the chemical synthesis of the CuO/Co3O4 nanocomposite followed by the integration of MWCNTs to be the final platform of the urea sensor. A full physical and chemical characterization for the prepared nanomaterials were performed including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Additionally, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to study the electrochemical properties the modified electrodes with the nanomaterials at different composition ratios of the CuO/Co3O4 or MWCNTs. The impedimetric measurements were optimized to reach a picomolar sensitivity and high selectivity for urea detection. From the calibration curve, the linear concentration range of 10−12–10−2 M was obtained with the regression coefficient (R2) of 0.9961 and lower detection limit of 0.223 pM (S/N = 5). The proposed sensor has been used for urea analysis in real samples. Thus, the newly developed non-enzymatic sensor represents a considerable advancement in the field for urea detection, owing to the simplicity, portability, and low cost-sensor fabrication.
Ijaz I., Gilani E., Nazir A., Bukhari A.
2020-07-02 citations by CoLab: 555 PDF Abstract  
Nanotechnology is an emerging field of science. The base of nanotechnology is nanoparticles. The size of nanoparticles ranges from 1 to 100 nm. The nanoparticles are classified into different class...
Kumar V., Kaur I., Arora S., Mehla R., Vellingiri K., Kim K.
Food Chemistry scimago Q1 wos Q1
2020-01-01 citations by CoLab: 62 Abstract  
Urea is well-known to offer tremendous scope for sensing/diagnosing such as adulteration in dairy products or diseases in human body. This study was organized to describe and validate a new mediator-free, unsophisticated, and direct current voltage (IV)-based sensor for facile detection of urea using nanocomposites made of urease-immobilized graphene nanoplatelets and graphitized nanodiamonds. This nanocomposite displayed sensitive and direct signal in the form of current at 0 V without the need of any complex chemical reaction. This platform was highly sensitive (limit of detection of 5 μg/mL) far superior to the comparable systems introduced recently. The incorporation of graphitized nanodiamonds within the graphene nanoplatelets layers helped improve the sensitivity by a factor of three (up to 806.3 µA (mg mL-1)-1 cm-2) with 20 s response time. As such, the use of this nanocomposite was helpful in improving sensing performances with enhanced enzyme loading capacity.
Padmalaya G., Sreeja B.S., Shoba S., Rajavel R., Radha S., Arivanandan M., Shrestha S.
2019-06-18 citations by CoLab: 17 Abstract  
The author describes a voltammetric sensor for the simultaneous determination of formaldehyde and ammonia using rGO/ZnO composite micro-dumbbell shaped rods. A facile hydrothermal technique was adopted to synthesize rGO/ZnO composite based micro-dumbbell shaped rods. The potential application based on obtained product has been employed as electrochemical sensor towards the detection of ammonia and formaldehyde using hexamine. For performing an electrochemical sensing application, glassy carbon electrode was modified with rGO/ZnO composite rods and analysed for the formation of multiple peaks thus emphasizing the detection of formaldehyde and ammonia using hexamine. Hexamine is toxic food preservative when it dissolutes in saline medium containing pH 7.4 emits ammonia and formaldehyde. The crystallinity property has been examined using X-ray diffraction technique revealing composite rods (rGO/ZnO) with 29.5 nm were lesser than ZnO NPs (38.33 nm). The surface morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In order to examine limit of detection (LOD) and sensitivity, cyclic voltammetry was carried out to determine the formaldehyde and ammonia. The voltammetric results revealed three different redox peaks with increased hexamine concentrations in which 0.4 V for formaldehyde, 0.13 V for ammonia and ~ 0.3 V for Zn2+ ions. The calibrated curve for ammonia with LOD and LOQ was found to be 0.1 µM and 0.9 µM and for formaldehyde with 0.023 µM and 0.07 µM respectively. Based on investigated results, the modified electrode was applied to the determination of ammonia and formaldehyde in urine samples (real-time analysis) and the results proved that the method is sensitive and can be an alternative to chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques.
Baig N., Sajid M., Saleh T.A.
2019-02-01 citations by CoLab: 294 Abstract  
Electroanalytical devices have entered into the entirely new phase due to the utilization of the nanomaterials for the fabrication of electrochemical sensors. Nanomaterials with controlled morphologies and better surface functionalization offer ultrasensitive and selective electrode surfaces for electrochemical detection. The recent literature search on the fabrication of electrochemical sensors clearly reveals a shift toward morphologically controlled and suitably functionalized electrode modifiers to achieve robust electrochemical sensors. This review is specifically focused on the recent trends in the utilization of the various nanomaterials as modifiers in electrochemical sensing. These materials include fullerene, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns, graphene, 3D graphene, carbon quantum dots, nanostructured polymers, and morphologically controlled metal/non-metal nanostructures. Such materials have been applied in the form of wires, nanorods, nanoribbons, core-shell, nanohorns to improve the surface kinetics and specificity of the modified surface toward electroanalytical detection.
George J.M., Antony A., Mathew B.
Microchimica Acta scimago Q1 wos Q1
2018-07-04 citations by CoLab: 401 Abstract  
This review (with (318) refs) describes progress made in the design and synthesis of morphologically different metal oxide nanoparticles made from iron, manganese, titanium, copper, zinc, zirconium, cobalt, nickel, tungsten, silver, and vanadium. It also covers respective composites and their function and application in the field of electrochemical and photoelectrochemical sensing of chemical and biochemical species. The proper incorporation of chemical functionalities into these nanomaterials warrants effective detection of target molecules including DNA hybridization and sensing of DNA or the formation of antigen/antibody complexes. Significant data are summarized in tables. The review concludes with a discussion or current challenge and future perspectives.
Eissa S., Alshehri N., Rahman A.M., Dasouki M., Abu-Salah K.M., Zourob M.
Biosensors and Bioelectronics scimago Q1 wos Q1
2018-03-01 citations by CoLab: 56 Abstract  
Spinal muscular atrophy is an untreatable potentially fatal hereditary disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the survival motor neuron (SMN) 1 gene which encodes the SMN protein. Currently, definitive diagnosis relies on the demonstration of biallelic pathogenic variants in SMN1 gene. Therefore, there is an urgent unmet need to accurately quantify SMN protein levels for screening and therapeutic monitoring of symptomatic newborn and SMA patients, respectively. Here, we developed a voltammetric immunosensor for the sensitive detection of SMN protein based on covalently functionalized carbon nanofiber-modified screen printed electrodes. A comparative study of six different carbon nanomaterial-modified electrodes (carbon, graphene (G), graphene oxide (GO), single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT), multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT), and carbon nanofiber (CNF)) was performed. 4-carboxyphenyl layers were covalently grafted on the six electrodes by electroreduction of diazonium salt. Then, the terminal carboxylic moieties on the electrodes surfaces were utilized to immobilize the SMN antibody via EDC/NHS chemistry and to fabricate the immunosensors. The electrochemical characterization and analytical performance of the six immunosensors suggest that carbon nanofiber is a better electrode material for the SMN immunosensor. The voltammetric SMN carbon nanofiber-based immunosensor showed high sensitivity (detection limit of 0.75pg/ml) and selectivity against other proteins such as cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and dystrophin (DMD). We suggest that this novel biosensor is superior to other developed assays for SMN detection in terms of lower cost, higher sensitivity, simplicity and capability of high throughput screening.
Kumar T.H., Sundramoorthy A.K.
2018-02-21 citations by CoLab: 117 Abstract  
Herein, we demonstrated synthesis and application of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) decorated nitrogen doped single-walled carbon nanotube through a one-step thermal-reduction method using melamine as the nitrogen source. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction data confirmed the successful synthesis of Ag-NPs functionalized nitrogen doped single-walled carbon nanotubes(Ag-N-SWCNTs). The nitrogen-doping notably modified the properties of the SWCNT and it showed stronger affinity for the attachment of Ag-NPs. By integrating the high surface area and electrical properties of N-SWCNTs with Ag-NPs, the obtained Ag-N-SWCNTs nanocomposite showed high catalytic activity than N-SWCNTs and pristine-SWCNTs. The enzyme-based methods have some disadvantages. For example, high fabrication cost and poor stability, due to these intrinsic disadvantages, non-enzymatic sensors have received more interest in fabrication of sensors. A non-enzymatic electrochemical urea sensor was developed by modifying glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with Ag-N-SWCNTs and a layer of Nafion (Nf). Thus, the fabricated sensor exhibited lower limit of detection (4.7 nM), with an enhanced sensitivity of 141 μAmM−1cm−2 for urea detection in the range of 66 nM to 20.6 mM(R2 = 0.966). The reliability of the as-fabricated sensor was successfully investigated by using it to detect urea in tap water and milk samples. The NF/Ag-N-SWCNTs based urea sensor offers several advantages such as simple fabrication procedure, non-enzymatic and low-cost, so this sensor can be applied to detect urea in various samples from food, fertilizer industries and environmental fields. Moreover, the modified electrode showed phenomenal stability with no loss in activity of storage under ambient conditions. In addition, the novel hybrid NF/Ag-N-SWCNTs/GCE showed high selectivity toward urea with good repeatability and reproducibility further confirmed that this method can be utilized for detection of urea.
Valentini F., Ciambella E., Cataldo F., Calcaterra A., Menegatti L., Talamo M.
Electroanalysis scimago Q2 wos Q3
2017-10-19 citations by CoLab: 13 Abstract  
Fullerene Black (FB) and Extracted Fullerene Black (EFB) were used in modified screen-printed electrodes producing electrochemical transducers (FB-SPEs and EFB-SPEs). A complete electrochemical study was performed and the best results are obtained working with FB-SPEs, especially in terms of: 1. improved electron-transfer kinetic mechanisms and 2. sensitivity and selectivity toward Acetaminophen (Ac) and Guanine (G). These latter represent two important electro-active targets to quantify in medicine field application, because: Ac is a preferred alternative (as analgesic-antipyretic agent) to aspirin, particularly for patients who cannot tolerate aspirin; the oxidation signal of G is useful for the fabrication of emerging analytical tools, such as DNA chipsand user-friendly diagnostic devices. Ac and G are quantify by using FB-SPEs electrochemical devices, with an extended linearity (1–300 μM for Ac; 0.1–300 μM for G), an excellent sensitivity (2.82 μA μM−1 cm−2 in the case of Ac; and 0.183 μA μM−1 cm−2 in the case of G), a low detection limit (0.01 μM for Ac; 0.005 μM for G), a very good reproducibility (both: intra-; inter-electrodes reproducibility RSD % ranging from 0.3–0.5 for Ac; and 0.50–0.85 for G) and a very fast response time (6 s for Ac; 5 s in the case of G). In addition, high selectivity is obtained at FB-SPEs, meaning that the FB-SPEs electrochemical transducers are suitable to simultaneously quantify Ac and G in real samples, having several different (highly concentrated) interference.
Yoon J., Lee E., Lee D., Oh T., Yoon Y.S., Kim D.
2017-08-30 citations by CoLab: 29 Abstract  
Sputtered Ag on zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorod-structures grown on a carbon paper substrate were investigated as an electrocatalyst for non-enzymatic oxidation of urea. The Ag/ZnO nanorod-modified electrodes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry in 1 M KOH electrolyte with 0.33 M urea. The synergetic electrochemical performance due to the combined Ag and ZnO nanorod materials shows a good sensitivity of 0.1622 μAμM−1cm−2 with a low detection limit of 13.98 μM. Simple and scalable fabrication of the electrode can make it a potential candidate for non-enzymatic urea sensor with reproducible and sensitive detection.
Tran T.Q., Das G., Yoon H.H.
2017-05-01 citations by CoLab: 142 Abstract  
A porous composite catalyst based on nickel-metal organic framework (Ni-MOF) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was synthesized for non-enzymatic urea detection. The Ni-MOF was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photo electron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. The morphology and the structure of the Ni-MOF were studied using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The Ni-MOF/MWCNTs coated indium tin oxide glass was used as a novel electrochemical sensor for urea detection. The Ni-MOF/MWCNT electrode showed a very high sensitivity of 685 μAmM −1 cm −2 , low detection limit of 3 μM and a response time of 10 s. Moreover, the sensor showed remarkable stability with no loss in activity after 30 days of storage under ambient conditions. Overall, the novel hybrid inorganic–organic material showed notable potential for designing of micro-scale point of care diagnostic devices for urea sensing applications.
Sha R., Komori K., Badhulika S.
Electrochimica Acta scimago Q1 wos Q1
2017-04-01 citations by CoLab: 140 Abstract  
Detection of urea is of prime importance in food and water safety, dairy industries and environmental monitoring. Traditional methods to detect urea are either expensive and involve sophisticated instrumentation or are based on enzymatic approach of detection. Herein, we report a Graphene-Polyaniline (Gr-PANi) based electrochemical sensor for non-enzymatic detection of urea. Gr-PANi composite was synthesized by electro-deposition of PANi on the surface of Gr modified GCE using cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. The presence of Gr and PANi in the composite was confirmed using a multitude of characterization techniques which included FESEM, XRD and Raman spectroscopy. The electrochemical behavior of urea at the surface of Gr-PANi modified GCE was studied by CV whereas urea sensing was performed by using simple current-potential (I–V) technique. The current response of the as-fabricated urea sensor was ∼ 4.74 folds greater than that of pure PANi based sensor and ∼ 67.2 times greater than that of pure Gr based sensor. The sensing performance of the composite based urea sensor was optimized by varying the thickness of PANi film. The optimized sensor exhibited lower limit of detection (5.88 μM), excellent reproducibility, selectivity and stability with an enhanced sensitivity of −226.9 μA/μM cm2 (R2 = 0.993) in the range of 10 μM–200 μM. The reliability of the as-fabricated sensor was successfully investigated by using it to detect urea concentrations in samples of tap water and milk samples. This highly-sensitive Gr–PANi composite based urea sensor provides a simple, low cost, non-enzymatic approach for detection of urea that find numerous applications in clinical diagnostics, dairy industries, fertilizer plants and environmental monitoring.
Sutradhar S., Patnaik A.
2017-03-01 citations by CoLab: 51 Abstract  
A new functionalized fullerene C60 – thiol capped gold nanoparticle based nanocomposite using 3-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole as the ligand was designed and synthesized following electronic structure calculation via DFT formalism. The electrostatic potential map from the DFT optimized geometry implied C60 core of the composite to remain electron deficient, and a much reduced HOMO-LUMO energy gap for the composite towards enhanced electron-transport ability was noted. Experimentally, first, fullerene-C60 was functionalized with the multipolar group containing ligand 3-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole, making it hydrophilic and its aqueous dispersion was subsequently used to make a composite with in-situ prepared aqueous phase gold nanoparticles. The composite modified glassy carbon electrode showed electrocatalytic behaviour towards sensing of glucose, studied via cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Thus, the highly stable and low onset potential non-enzymatic sensor exhibited high electro-catalytic activity and effective electron transfer from the electro-catalyst to the substrate electrode in a linear concentration range spanning over 0.025–0.8 mM and a higher sensitivity response of 1.2 μA mM−1 cm−2 with good reproducibility, long term stability, anti-interference ability and chloride poisoning resistance.
Baig N., Kawde A.
RSC Advances scimago Q1 wos Q2 Open Access
2016-08-17 citations by CoLab: 68 PDF Abstract  
A disposable electrode based on a highly sensitive and readily fabricated arrangement of alternating AuNP and graphene layers was introduced for the simultaneous determination of dopamine and uric acid.

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