Climate Change and Agriculture: Impact Assessment and Sustainable Alleviation Approach Using Rhizomicrobiome

Climate change is one of the challenges of the twenty-first century towards sustainability, environment, energy supply, and health. The greenhouse gas (GHG) emission alters the climate of biosphere leading to change in frequency and pattern of natural phenomena like precipitation (snowfall and rain), cyclones, and storms. The climate change imposes stresses like salinity, drought, and rise in temperature that negatively impact the growth of plants, microorganisms, and animals. Climate change can potentially hamper the world food security goals via affecting the growth and development of plants resulting in yield loss. Further, the climate change impacts microbial diversity including rhizomicrobiome, which has an important role to maintain ecosystem under different environmental thresholds. Microorganisms can produce and sequester greenhouse gases (GHGs) during their metabolic activities. The microorganisms such as methanotrophs, archaebacteria, halophytes, and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) have been applied to develop plant tolerance under different abiotic and biotic stresses via various mechanisms such as ACC deaminase production, solubilization of nutrients (potassium, phosphorous, iron), nitrogen fixation, and production of siderophores, phytohormone, osmolytes, antioxidants, and exopolysaccharides. These beneficial microorganisms can be used as a tool for sustainable agriculture to cultivate crops under adverse climatic conditions.