Scheelite texture and geochemistry as a recorder of nature and timing of metallogenesis: an example from the Zhaishang Au–Sb–W deposit, western Qinling, central China

Scheelite, one kind of common REE-rich and U-bearing hydrothermal mineral, is extensively developed in various types of gold deposits, which can be used to record nature and timing of metallogenesis. The Zhaishang Carlin-like gold deposit in the Qinling Orogen is a giant Au deposit, hosting 127t of Au @ 2.67 g/t with economic concentrations of tungsten and antimony. The study reports two types of scheelite based on the characteristics of petrography and geochemistry. Sch A shows significant oscillatory zoning with dark gray cathodoluminescence (CL) response, whereas Sch B displays patchy textures with brighter CL response. Systematic LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating of Sch A and Sch B yields ages of 227.1 ± 3.2 Ma and 226.2 ± 6.9 Ma, respectively. The new dates, constraining the Zhaishang Au–W mineralization to ~ 227Ma, coincide well with the western Qinling magmatism, metallogenic and tectonic events. There are significant variations in concentration, the Sch A has low REE content (mean = 41.3 ppm), negative Eu-anomaly with slightly positive Ce-anomaly, whereas Sch B, with small negative or positive Eu-anomaly, has higher REE content (mean = 247 ppm) and higher positive Ce-anomaly. The positive correlation of EuN and EuN* records oxidizing condition during the whole W mineralization event. Additionally, Sch B intergrown with selenides with an increase in the Ce-anomaly supports that the latter has higher oxygen fugacity environment. The Sr isotope signature for scheelite supports that ore-forming metals mostly inherited the host rock component, while the proportion of magma-derived Sr increased in the Sch B. Fluid–rock interactions co-precipitated Au and W caused by the release of Fe and Ca cations and the increase of pH. The study highlights that scheelite as a recorder can help in deciphering the nature and timing of metallogenesis of the studied Au–Sb–W deposit, and thus other similar Au–W deposits.