Smartphone application-based augmented reality for pre-clinical dental implant placement training: a pilot study

Precise implant placement is essential for optimal functional and aesthetic outcomes. Digital technologies, such as computer-assisted implant surgery (CAIS), have improved implant outcomes. However, conventional methods such as static and dynamic CAIS (dCAIS) require complex equipment. This study examined the usefulness of smartphone-based augmented reality (AR) for CAIS based on the value addition regarding angulation and positioning of pilot drillings and the potential for training dental students. An in vitro model was created to mimic dental scenarios using three-dimensional datasets. Smartphone technology and AR application (app)-based intraoral tracking were used for dCAIS. The app allowed real-time visualization of implant planning, superimposition of three-dimensional models, and alignment of surgical instruments. Forty dental students performed four pilot drillings each; two were performed freehand, whereas two were performed using the app. The angulation and position of the prepared implant bed preparation were statistically analyzed. Implant angulation was significantly better in the AR-guided group than in the unguided group; however, no significant difference was observed in the implant position. Smartphone-based AR techniques for dCAIS are easily accessible in dental implantology. This may be advantageous for training dental students and potentially improving clinical outcomes, particularly the angulation of dental implants.