An updated review on green synthesized nanoparticles to control insect pests

Excessive chemical pesticide use has had harmful implications for the environment, animals and humans. Insect resistance has substantially resulted in reduced pesticide efficiency. Global experts are striving to diminish the use of harmful pesticides for pest and pathogen control by adopting eco-friendly methods. Nanotechnology, a recent breakthrough, holds significant promise in addressing these challenges and providing safer environmental alternatives. Nanotechnology applications in sustainable agriculture have tremendous potential in insect pest management with controlled and targeted release mechanisms as smaller sizes of the nanoparticles ensure the proper spread on the pest surface, which results in better action. Biological synthesis of these nanoparticles from plant parts and microorganisms is a valuable alternative to chemical approaches. Nanotechnology is used in formulating nano-based pesticides such as nanosuspensions, nanocapsules and nanoclays. In addition, some nanoparticles are used as pesticides alone. This review covers the significance of bio-nano-insecticides, their synthesis, and formulations as modern pesticides. Additionally, it highlights the previously less-explored impact of nanoparticles on mosquito larvae. The study also encompasses nanopesticide formulation, delivery, mode of action, and effects on non-target species. Furthermore, difficulties and limitations must be resolved and investigated in order to evaluate the laboratory results of nanoparticle application for commercialization. This review also discusses the challenges and limitations hindering the commercialization of nanoparticle applications in insect control. Addressing these challenges is essential to ensure the successful translation of laboratory results into practical and effective pest management solutions.