Nanotechnology in Parkinson’s Disease: overcoming drug delivery challenges and enhancing therapeutic outcomes

The global prevalence of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is on the rise, driven by an ageing population and ongoing environmental conditions. To gain a better understanding of PD pathogenesis, it is essential to consider its relationship with the ageing process, as ageing stands out as the most significant risk factor for this neurodegenerative condition. PD risk factors encompass genetic predisposition, exposure to environmental toxins, and lifestyle influences, collectively increasing the chance of PD development. Moreover, early and precise PD diagnosis remains elusive, relying on clinical assessments, neuroimaging techniques, and emerging biomarkers. Conventional management of PD involves dopaminergic medications and surgical interventions, but these treatments often become less effective over time and do not address disease treatment. Challenges persist due to the blood–brain barrier's (BBB) impermeability, hindering drug delivery. Recent advancements in nanotechnology offer promising novel approaches for PD management. Various drug delivery systems (DDS), including nanosized polymers, lipid-based carriers, and nanoparticles (such as metal/metal oxide, protein, and carbonaceous particles), aim to enhance drug and gene delivery. These modifications seek to improve BBB permeability, ultimately benefiting PD patients. This review underscores the critical role of ageing in PD development and explores how age-related neuronal decline contributes to substantia nigra loss and PD manifestation in susceptible individuals. The review also highlights the advancements and ongoing challenges in nanotechnology-based therapies for PD.