Assessment of agricultural residues for small-scale biogas plants and adoption drivers: a case study of the Fès-Meknès region in Morocco

Small-scale biogas systems hold promise as reliable renewable energy sources in developing nations; however, adequate and consistent supply of feedstock remains a challenge. Agricultural residue, due to their lack of competition with food crops for resources, is touted as a dependable feedstock choice. This article therefore examines agricultural residues as potential biogas plant feedstocks in the Fès-Meknès region of Morocco, using a structured farm survey to evaluate livestock types, crop varieties, and residue utilization. Additionally, the study explores the challenges and drivers influencing biogas technology adoption in Morocco. Findings indicate a predominance of small-scale farms with livestock (averaging 11 cattle, 45 sheep, and 20 chicken) and mainly subsistence crop production, making these farms suitable candidates for small-scale biogas plants. Key barriers to adoption include a lack of awareness about the technology, along with technical and financial constraints. However, raising awareness, establishing demonstration plants, and offering financial and non-financial incentives are identified as potential drivers of adoption. This research provides a foundation for implementing biogas technologies in the case study area and other developing nations, guiding researchers and governmental and non-governmental organizations in disseminating small-scale biogas systems as a reliable energy source and a method for converting agricultural residues into sustainable energy (biogas) and fertilizer.

Graphical Abstract