Open Access
Training During the COVID-19 Lockdown: Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices of 12,526 Athletes from 142 Countries and Six Continents
Jad Adrian Washif
1
,
Abdulaziz Farooq
2
,
Isabel Krug
3
,
D. B. Pyne
4
,
Evert Verhagen
5
,
LEE A. TAYLOR
6, 7, 8
,
Del P. Wong
9
,
Iñigo Mujika
10, 11
,
Cristina Cortis
12
,
Monoem Haddad
13
,
Omid Ahmadian
14
,
Mahmood Al Jufaili
15
,
Ramzi A. Al-Horani
16
,
Abdulla Al-Mohannadi
17
,
J. Steinacker
18, 19
,
Achraf Ammar
20, 21
,
Fitim Arifi
22, 23
,
Abdul Rashid Aziz
24
,
Mikhail Batuev
25
,
C Martyn Beaven
26
,
Ralph Beneke
27
,
Arben Bici
28
,
Pallawi Bishnoi
29
,
Lone Bogwasi
30, 31, 32
,
Daniel Bok
33
,
Omar Boukhris
18, 34
,
Daniel A. Boullosa
35, 36
,
Nicola L Bragazzi
37
,
João Brito
38
,
Roxana Paola Palacios Cartagena
39
,
Anis Chaouachi
40, 41
,
Stephen CW Cheung
42
,
H. Chtourou
18, 34
,
Germina Alina Cosma
43
,
Tadej Debevec
44, 45
,
Matthew D. DeLang
46
,
Dellal Alexandre
47, 48
,
Gürhan Dönmez
49
,
Tarak Driss
21
,
Juan David Peña Duque
50
,
Cristiano Eirale
51
,
Mohamed Elloumi
52
,
Carl Foster
53
,
Emerson Franchini
54
,
Andrea Fusco
12
,
OLIVIER GALY
55
,
P. Gastin
56
,
Nicholas Gill
26, 57
,
OLIVIER GIRARD
58
,
Cvita Gregov
33
,
Shona Halson
59
,
Omar Hammouda
60, 61
,
Ivana Hanzlíková
26
,
Bahar Hassanmirzaei
62, 63
,
Thomas Haugen
64
,
Kim Hébert-Losier
26
,
Hussein Muñoz Helú
65
,
Tomas Herrera-Valenzuela
66, 67
,
Louis J. Holtzhausen
2, 32, 68, 69
,
Olivier Hue
70
,
ANTONIO DELLO IACONO
71
,
Johanna K. Ihalainen
72
,
Carl A James
1
,
Dina Janse van Rensburg
32, 73
,
Saju Joseph
74
,
Karim Kamoun
40
,
Mehdi Khaled
75
,
Karim Khalladi
2
,
Kwang Joon Kim
76
,
LIAN-YEE KOK
77
,
Lewis MacMillan
78
,
Leonardo Mataruna
79, 80, 81
,
Ryo Matsunaga
82, 83
,
Shpresa Memishi
84
,
Gregoire P Millet
85
,
Imen Moussa Chamari
13
,
DANLADI I. MUSA
86
,
Hoàng Minh Thuận Nguyễn
87
,
Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis
88
,
Adam Owen
89, 90
,
J. Padulo
91
,
Jeffrey Cayaban Pagaduan
92
,
Nirmala K.P. Perera
93, 94, 95
,
Jorge Perez-Gomez
96
,
L Pillay
32, 97
,
Arporn Popa
98
,
Avishkar Pudasaini
99
,
Alireza Rabbani
100
,
Tandiyo Rahayu
101
,
Mohamed Romdhani
18
,
Paul Salamh
102
,
Abu-Sufian Sarkar
103
,
Andy Schillinger
104
,
Stephen K Seiler
105
,
Heny Setyawati
101
,
Navina Shrestha
99, 106
,
Fatona Suraya
101
,
Montassar Tabben
2
,
Khaled Trabelsi
34, 107
,
Axel Urhausen
108, 109, 110
,
Maarit Valtonen
111
,
Johanna Weber
112, 113
,
Rod Whiteley
2, 114
,
Adel Zrane
115, 116, 117
,
Yacine Zerguini
118, 119
,
Piotr Żmijewski
120
,
ØYVIND SANDBAKK
121
,
Helmi Ben Saad
122, 123
,
Karim Chamari
2
1
Sports Performance Division, Institut Sukan Negara Malaysia (National Sports Institute of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
|
2
5
14
Medical Committee of Tehran Football Association, Tehran, Iran
|
18
Physical Activity, Sport & Health Research Unit (UR18JS01), National Sport Observatory, Tunis, Tunisia
|
22
Physical Culture, Sports and Recreation, College Universi, Pristina, Kosovo
|
24
Sport Science and Sport Medicine, Singapore Sport Institute, Sport Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
|
25
28
29
Physiotherapy Department, Minerva Punjab Academy and Football Club, Mohali, India
|
30
Department of Orthopedics, Nyangabgwe Hospital, Francistown, Botswana
|
31
Botswana Football Association Medical Committee, Gaborone, Botswana
|
32
38
Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
|
40
Tunisian Research Laboratory, Sport Performance Optimisation, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
|
45
46
Right to Dream Academy, Old Akrade, Ghana
|
47
Sport Science and Research Department, Centre Orthopédique Santy, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Lyon, France
|
50
Al Hilal Football Club, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
|
51
Paris Saint Germain FC, Paris, France
|
52
54
55
Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, University of New Caledonia, Nouméa, New Caledonia
|
57
New Zealand All Blacks, New Zealand Rugby, Wellington, New Zealand
|
63
Iran Football Medical Assessments and Rehabilitation Center, IFMARC, Tehran, Iran
|
64
School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
|
65
Department of Economic-Administrative Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Los Mochis, México
|
68
Weil-Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
|
69
73
Medical Board Member, International Netball Federation, Manchester, UK
|
74
High Performance Director, Sports Authority of India, Bangalore, India
|
75
SEHA, Singapore, Singapore
|
78
Sport Science Department, Fulham Football Club, Fulham, London, UK
|
80
Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Management, Canadian University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
|
82
Antlers Sports Clinic, Kashima, Japan
|
87
Ho Chi Minh City University of Sport, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
|
90
Seattle Sounders Football Club, Seattle, USA
|
93
Sports Medicine, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Australia
|
99
Medical Department, All Nepal Football Association (ANFA), Lalitpur, Nepal
|
100
102
Krannert School of Physical Therapy, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, USA
|
103
Bashundhara Kings, Nilphamari, Bangladesh
|
104
Miskawaan Health Group, Bangkok, Thailand
|
105
106
Physiotherapy Department, BP Eyes Foundation CHEERS Hospital, Bhaktapur, Nepal
|
109
Luxembourg Institute of Research in Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Science, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
|
111
Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyvaskyla, Finland
|
112
Institute for Sports Science, CAU of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
|
117
High Institute of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
|
118
FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence Algiers, Algiers, Algeria
|
119
Medical Committee, Confederation of African Football, Giza, Egypt
|
122
Publication type: Journal Article
Publication date: 2021-10-23
scimago Q1
wos Q1
SJR: 3.887
CiteScore: 19.1
Impact factor: 9.4
ISSN: 01121642, 11792035
PubMed ID:
34687439
Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation
Abstract
Our objective was to explore the training-related knowledge, beliefs, and practices of athletes and the influence of lockdowns in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Athletes (n = 12,526, comprising 13% world class, 21% international, 36% national, 24% state, and 6% recreational) completed an online survey that was available from 17 May to 5 July 2020 and explored their training behaviors (training knowledge, beliefs/attitudes, and practices), including specific questions on their training intensity, frequency, and session duration before and during lockdown (March–June 2020). Overall, 85% of athletes wanted to “maintain training,” and 79% disagreed with the statement that it is “okay to not train during lockdown,” with a greater prevalence for both in higher-level athletes. In total, 60% of athletes considered “coaching by correspondence (remote coaching)” to be sufficient (highest amongst world-class athletes). During lockdown, < 40% were able to maintain sport-specific training (e.g., long endurance [39%], interval training [35%], weightlifting [33%], plyometric exercise [30%]) at pre-lockdown levels (higher among world-class, international, and national athletes), with most (83%) training for “general fitness and health maintenance” during lockdown. Athletes trained alone (80%) and focused on bodyweight (65%) and cardiovascular (59%) exercise/training during lockdown. Compared with before lockdown, most athletes reported reduced training frequency (from between five and seven sessions per week to four or fewer), shorter training sessions (from ≥ 60 to < 60 min), and lower sport-specific intensity (~ 38% reduction), irrespective of athlete classification. COVID-19-related lockdowns saw marked reductions in athletic training specificity, intensity, frequency, and duration, with notable within-sample differences (by athlete classification). Higher classification athletes had the strongest desire to “maintain” training and the greatest opposition to “not training” during lockdowns. These higher classification athletes retained training specificity to a greater degree than others, probably because of preferential access to limited training resources. More higher classification athletes considered “coaching by correspondence” as sufficient than did lower classification athletes. These lockdown-mediated changes in training were not conducive to maintenance or progression of athletes’ physical capacities and were also likely detrimental to athletes’ mental health. These data can be used by policy makers, athletes, and their multidisciplinary teams to modulate their practice, with a degree of individualization, in the current and continued pandemic-related scenario. Furthermore, the data may drive training-related educational resources for athletes and their multidisciplinary teams. Such upskilling would provide athletes with evidence to inform their training modifications in response to germane situations (e.g., COVID related, injury, and illness).
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91
Citations from 2024:
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(28.57%)
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Washif J. A. et al. Training During the COVID-19 Lockdown: Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices of 12,526 Athletes from 142 Countries and Six Continents // Sports Medicine. 2021. Vol. 52. No. 4. pp. 933-948.
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Washif J. A. et al. Training During the COVID-19 Lockdown: Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices of 12,526 Athletes from 142 Countries and Six Continents // Sports Medicine. 2021. Vol. 52. No. 4. pp. 933-948.
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@article{2021_Washif,
author = {Jad Adrian Washif and Abdulaziz Farooq and Isabel Krug and D. B. Pyne and Evert Verhagen and LEE A. TAYLOR and Del P. Wong and Iñigo Mujika and Cristina Cortis and Monoem Haddad and Omid Ahmadian and Mahmood Al Jufaili and Ramzi A. Al-Horani and Abdulla Al-Mohannadi and J. Steinacker and Achraf Ammar and Fitim Arifi and Abdul Rashid Aziz and Mikhail Batuev and C Martyn Beaven and Ralph Beneke and Arben Bici and Pallawi Bishnoi and Lone Bogwasi and Daniel Bok and Omar Boukhris and Daniel A. Boullosa and Nicola L Bragazzi and João Brito and Roxana Paola Palacios Cartagena and Anis Chaouachi and Stephen CW Cheung and H. Chtourou and Germina Alina Cosma and Tadej Debevec and Matthew D. DeLang and Dellal Alexandre and Gürhan Dönmez and Tarak Driss and Juan David Peña Duque and Cristiano Eirale and Mohamed Elloumi and Carl Foster and Emerson Franchini and Andrea Fusco and OLIVIER GALY and P. Gastin and Nicholas Gill and OLIVIER GIRARD and Cvita Gregov and others},
title = {Training During the COVID-19 Lockdown: Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices of 12,526 Athletes from 142 Countries and Six Continents},
journal = {Sports Medicine},
year = {2021},
volume = {52},
publisher = {Springer Nature},
month = {oct},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01573-z},
number = {4},
pages = {933--948},
doi = {10.1007/s40279-021-01573-z}
}
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MLA
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Washif, Jad Adrian, et al. “Training During the COVID-19 Lockdown: Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices of 12,526 Athletes from 142 Countries and Six Continents.” Sports Medicine, vol. 52, no. 4, Oct. 2021, pp. 933-948. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01573-z.
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