Challenges to Mediterranean Fagaceae ecosystems affected by Phytophthora cinnamomi and Climate Change: Integrated Pest Management perspectives

This review aims to address the specific challenges of forest decline in Mediterranean Fagaceae ecosystems driven by the alien invasive Phytophthora cinnamomi and global changes. In a scenario of climate change and anthropic pressure, this review seeks to offer a comprehensive overview of the current state of P.cinnamomi invasion, focusing on its biology, ecology and epidemiology in different Mediterranean forest ecosystems, and providing an update on diagnosis, impact and current management measures. Recent studies have significantly advanced our understanding of the decline of Mediterranean Fagaceae forests driven by Phytophthora spp. The introduction of the plant holobiont concept and microbial invasion biology and ecology has reshaped the study of plant–microbe interactions. This perspective, which considers the tree as an ecosystem composed of the tree itself together with its associated microbiome has been pivotal in developing holistic management strategies to mitigate pathogen impacts. The network of interactions between components of the microbial community of healthy and diseased trees, has been the object of several recent studies that highlighted the complex dynamics of host–pathogen interaction and offered the option for biotechnological applications including the use of helper microorganisms and antagonists. The collaboration among research institutions from Italy, Spain and Portugal has resulted in a detailed review that emphasizes the importance of tailored management protocols for different ecosystems. Engaging stakeholders and citizens in integrated pest management (IPM) strategies has proven crucial for effective forest management. The findings underscore the need for continuous monitoring, innovative treatment methods, and public awareness to mitigate the impacts of Alien Invasive Forest Phytophthoras (AIFPs) and ensure the sustainability of Mediterranean Fagaceae forests.