Journal of Elliptic and Parabolic Equations

Real eternal PDE solutions are not complex entire: a quadratic parabolic example

Publication typeJournal Article
Publication date2025-02-11
scimago Q2
SJR0.482
CiteScore1.3
Impact factor0.9
ISSN22969020, 22969039
Abstract

In parabolic or hyperbolic PDEs, solutions which remain uniformly bounded for all real times $$t=r\in \mathbb {R}$$ t = r R are often called PDE entire or eternal. For a nonlinear example, consider the quadratic parabolic PDE $$\begin{aligned} w_t=w_{xx}+6w^2-\lambda , \end{aligned}$$ w t = w xx + 6 w 2 - λ , for $$0<x<\tfrac{1}{2}$$ 0 < x < 1 2 , under Neumann boundary conditions. By its gradient-like structure, all real eternal non-equilibrium orbits $$\Gamma (r)$$ Γ ( r ) of (*) are heteroclinic among equilibria $$w=W_n(x)$$ w = W n ( x ) . For parameters $$\lambda >0$$ λ > 0 , the trivial homogeneous equilibria are locally asymptotically stable $$W_0=-\sqrt{\lambda /6}$$ W 0 = - λ / 6 , and $$W_\infty =+\sqrt{\lambda /6}$$ W = + λ / 6 of unstable dimension (Morse index) $$i(W_\infty )=1,2,3,\ldots $$ i ( W ) = 1 , 2 , 3 , , depending on $$\lambda $$ λ . All nontrivial real $$W_n$$ W n are rescaled and properly translated real-valued Weierstrass elliptic functions with Morse index $$i(W_n)=n$$ i ( W n ) = n . We show that the complex time extensions $$\Gamma (r+\textrm{i}s)$$ Γ ( r + i s ) , of analytic real heteroclinic orbits $$\Gamma (r)$$ Γ ( r ) towards $$W_0$$ W 0 , are not complex entire. For example, consider the time-reversible complex-valued solution $$\psi (s)=\Gamma (r_0-\textrm{i}s)$$ ψ ( s ) = Γ ( r 0 - i s ) of the nonlinear and nonconservative quadratic Schrödinger equation $$\begin{aligned} \textrm{i}\psi _s=\psi _{xx}+6\psi ^2-\lambda \end{aligned}$$ i ψ s = ψ xx + 6 ψ 2 - λ with real initial condition $$\psi _0=\Gamma (r_0)$$ ψ 0 = Γ ( r 0 ) . Then there exist real $$r_0$$ r 0 such that $$\psi (s)$$ ψ ( s ) blows up at some finite real times $$\pm s^*\ne 0$$ ± s 0 . Abstractly, our results are formulated in the setting of analytic semigroups. They are based on Poincaré non-resonance of unstable eigenvalues at equilibria $$W_n$$ W n , near pitchfork bifurcation. Technically, we have to except discrete sets of parameters $$\lambda $$ λ , and are currently limited to unstable dimensions $$i(W_n)\le 22$$ i ( W n ) 22 , or to fast unstable manifolds of dimensions $$d<1+\tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}i(W_n)$$ d < 1 + 1 2 i ( W n ) .

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