Gas Hydrates as a Potential Energy Source: State of Knowledge and Challenges

Gas hydrates are a vast energy resource with global distribution in the permafrost and in the oceans, and its sheer size demands evaluation as a potential energy source. Here we discuss the distribution of natural gas hydrate (GH) accumulations, the status of the international R&D programs. We review well-characterized GH accumulations that appear to be models for future gas production, and we analyze the role of numerical simulation in the assessment of their production potential. We discuss the productivity from different GH types, and consistent indications of the possibility for production at high rates over long periods using conventional technologies. We identify (a) features, conditions, geology, and techniques that are desirable in production targets, (b) methods to maximize production, and (c) some of the conditions and characteristics that render GH deposits undesirable. Finally, we review the remaining technical, economic, and environmental challenges and uncertainties facing gas production from hydrates.