Estimation of Land Surface Temperature and Urban Heat Island by Using Google Earth Engine and Remote Sensing Data

This chapter aims at the surface temperature of urbanization, nonurban heat island (NUHI), and urban heat island, an important factor for heat changes that affect the surface of the earth. Therefore, due to local and global environmental changes and man-made operations, block land surface temperatures in so many areas of Nashik town are rising. The estimation of urban heat island, NDVI, and NDBI indices was calculated using GEE, machine learning algorithm, and also remote sensing data. In this chapter, the relationship and correlation between the LST, NDVI, and NDBI indies were established for the estimation of the surface temperature of the Nashik urban area and other areas of the Maharashtra block. The NDVI and NDBI indices were estimated using the machine learning algorithm and satellite data. The GEE platform has provided easy access to all satellite data with a java script algorithm for analysis and LST relationship between the built-up area and the vegetative land. Various urban thermal islands (UHIs) have demarcated as higher temperatures in urban areas within city borders due to more man-made activities and climate change factors. The UHI value threshold for 2015 was measured at 41.03 °C and in 2019 at 43.28 °C. The relationship between LST–NDVI and LST–NDBI was identified quantitatively by a correlation analysis based on the algorithm and the GEE platform. LST shows a strong negative correlation (−0.41 for 2015 and −0.57 for 2019) with NDVI and a strong positive correlation (0.31 for 2015 and 0.71 for 2019) with NDBI throughout the Nashik region. The non-UHI zones (green areas and water bodies) remain almost unchanged if any change is assumed to be very little altered, but only the UHI zones are in severe heat stress due to urban air pollution. The study field results can help the urban, agricultural, and ecological planners decide on the sustainable practices of ecological and climate change.