Global assessment of manta and devil ray gill plate and meat trade: conservation implications and opportunities

Due to overexploitation in fisheries partly driven by international trade demand, mobulid rays are among the most threatened of elasmobranch families. We conducted a global assessment of the state of manta and devil ray trade employing expert elicitation through country-focused online surveys (n = 109) and interviews (n = 21), along with analysis of the FAO Total Production and CITES Trade Databases, and online trade and physical store surveys in China and Hong Kong SAR. Findings across 75 countries reveal significant mobulid landings in 43 countries. Globally, mobulid meat is consumed locally in at least 35 countries and exported from ten, with five major destination countries. Gill plates are extracted in 14 countries and exported from at least 14 across Asia and Africa, with five major destination countries in Asia. Meat and gill plate prices ranged between 0.24 – 10 and 4.8 – 1260 USD/kg respectively, depending on country and product form. Physical retailers of gill plates declined in Guangzhou and Hong Kong SAR in the past decade, while online retailers increased, but overall, the total number of retailers rose from 41 to 135 between 2011 and 2023. By linking country-specific mobulid management data to their roles in the meat and gill plate trade, price ranges, consumption patterns, and landing data, we ranked 75 countries from highest to lowest impact upon mobulid populations, identifying 14 as high-priority. Findings highlight the need for improved capacity-building in fisheries management and stronger enforcement aimed collectively at reversing the current unsustainable consumption and trade of mobulids.