Spatial accessibility analysis of public healthcare resources in Muktsar district of Punjab, India using geospatial technology

The public health policy depends on the management, quality, and coverage aspects. However, the assessment analysis of spatial patterns and distribution of public health services is still a challenge. This paper attempts to analyze the availability and accessibility of public health facilities in the Muktsar district of Punjab at the village level. Spatial and attribute data for public health facilities have been used within the GIS platform to produce accurate measures of accessibility. The average nearest neighbor tool has been used for spatial patterns of services in the district. Near analysis tool has been used to calculate distances from demand points (populations) to providers (facilities). Apart from these, the ratios of public health facilities to population were calculated for the identification of underserved and over-served areas. The study advocates that the spatial pattern of public health facilities is significantly clustered (p value 0.000) with a Z-score of − 5.18. It has been found that urban areas of the Muktsar district were identified as having a higher density of health facilities, whereas villages located in the marginal parts have the lowest density of health facilities. When looking at the average distance from village centroids to health facilities, it varies considerably from village to village. Considerably less than 60 percent of the population living in 108 villages has access to public health facilities. Apart from these, 40 percent of the population living in 126 villages has the greatest increase in the distance while accessing these facilities.