A Decade Review of Human Health Risks from Heavy Metal Contamination in Industrial Sites

The accelerating pace of global industrialization has intensified the prevalence of heavy metals in various environments, presenting a substantial threat to human health. This comprehensive review synthesizes findings from existing studies on human health risk assessments at heavy metal contaminated sites, mainly spanning 2013–2023. It reveals a concentrated focus on specific heavy metals, predominantly Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, and As, and common exposure pathways, such as soil ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation. This trend may inadvertently overshadow other significant contaminants and exposure routes, indicating a research bias towards certain metals and pathways. We observe a lack of justification in selecting these metals and pathways in existing research, which raises concerns about potential oversight of other significant contaminants and exposure pathways. This review also sheds light on the varying health risks of different site types, with higher risks observed in e-waste-related areas, mines, landfills, and waste incinerators. By conducting an in-depth analysis of existing literature, this review illuminates the imperative to evolve current risk assessment methods to more accurately mirror the complex and variable nature of environmental contaminants. The findings suggest a need for more diversified and comprehensive approaches in selecting pollutants and exposure pathways in heavy metal risk assessments, aiming to protect vulnerable populations better and inform future research and policy decisions.