Nano-films as a sustainable, biopolymer-based solution for post-harvest losses and improved shelf life of horticultural crops: a comprehensive review

The post-harvest loss of fruits and vegetables poses a significant challenge in the agricultural sector, especially in regions with suboptimal storage and transportation conditions. These losses not only lead to economic setbacks but also contribute to food insecurity worldwide. In recent years, nano-films have emerged as an innovative solution to address these issues by extending the shelf life and maintaining the freshness of harvested produce. Nano-films typically composed of biocompatible biopolymers like chitosan, cellulose, and alginate often incorporate nanoparticles such as silver, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide for their antimicrobial properties. These films form a protective, semipermeable barrier that regulates moisture and gas exchange, slows respiration rates, and reduces microbial growth on produce surfaces. This review discusses the composition and mechanisms of action of nano-films, including moisture control, antimicrobial protection, and UV-blocking effects, and evaluates their applications across various types of produce, from fruits and leafy greens to root vegetables. By examining the benefits, challenges and future directions of nano-film technology, this review highlights the potential of nano-films as a sustainable, cost-effective tool for reducing post-harvest losses and promoting food security.