Palm Fibers Residues from Agro-industries as Reinforcement in Biopolymer Filaments for 3D-printed Scaffolds

Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is a biodegradable, biocompatible, and non-toxic biopolymer. The biopolymer properties can be improved using cellulosic-based materials, often derived from agro-industrial residues, and promoting reuse/re-significance of a by-product for bone tissue engineering applications. Biocomposites of PHBV filled with bleached fibers of palm residues (BFPR) (0–10 % wt/wt) for 3D-printing were prepared. The scaffolds were obtained by additive manufacturing (fused deposition modeling (FDM)). The samples were characterized by stereomicroscopy, SEM, TGA, nanohardness, wettability, FTIR, and biocompatibility. Biocomposites filaments revealed homogeneous diameters, suitable for FDM. Composite filaments had thermal stability at 100–250 °C (processing did not degrade the material). The -OH groups of cellulose (enhanced by bleaching treatment) BFPR added to PHBV had advantages: optimal cell viability, wettability improvement, and slight nanohardness increase. PHBV/BFPR1 % scaffolds had an interconnected porous structure with a pore size of ~900 µm and 60 % filling.