Processing and extraction of critical raw materials from residues

This chapter is dedicated to the conventional and novel methods, techniques, and technologies for the critical raw materials (CRMs) recovery from mining, mineral processing and metallurgical residues, industrial solutions, and acid mine drainage. However, a brief overview of the conventional methods used for CRMs extraction from the primary resources is also given in this chapter as primary resource processing impacts the properties of the generated residues. Subsequently, the emerging methods used for CRMs extraction from different types of residues are reviewed. The emphasis was placed on the current research trends and hydrometallurgical methods. This chapter concludes with the perspectives for improving the technologies and a case study.