Energy-efficient windows and facade technologies and energy balance

Windows and glazed facades are the weakest link in terms of building energy efficiency, contributing to over 40% of building energy consumption. The development of energy-efficient windows and glazed facades is crucial for achieving carbon neutrality in buildings. In this chapter, we provide an overview of energy-efficient window and facade technologies, which can be classified into three distinct categories: thermal insulated windows/glazed facades, spectrally selective windows/glazed facades, and photovoltaic integrated windows/glazed facades. The chapter begins by discussing the current advancements in these three types of energy-efficient windows and facades. It then delves into the design principles and energy-saving methods associated with each technology, providing a detailed explanation. Finally, we summarize the applications and impacts of these technologies.