Parenteral delivery of peptides and proteins

The parenteral delivery of peptides and proteins (P/P) presents unique challenges and opportunities in pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. This chapter explores the complexities of P/P drug delivery, focusing on key pharmacological considerations including antibody induction and interspecies scaling. We discuss the impact of chemical modification on the disposition of P/P drugs and strategies to enhance delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), emphasizing current techniques and emerging approaches. Stabilizing aqueous P/P formulations is critical, and we included various stabilizing agents, such as serum albumin, amino acids, carbohydrates, cyclodextrins, surfactants, and polyhydroxylated alcohol. Additionally, we examine polymers and parenteral delivery systems, including microsphere, implant, liposome, nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, hydrogel, and microemulsion. The role of vaccine and adjuvant P/P delivery is also addressed, alongside innovation in pulsatile and self-regulated delivery systems. This comprehensive overview highlights advances and ongoing challenges in the field, offering insight into improving the efficacy and safety of P/P therapeutic intervention.