A critical review of biogas production and upgrading from organic wastes: Recent advances, challenges and opportunities

The present work focuses on the depletion of fossil fuel stock, which is driving the search for alternative energy resources. In view of this, biomethane based on natural gas is an effective alternative for the reduction of fossil fuel resources such as oil, petroleum, natural gas and coal. Its production deals with increased concerns of proper disposal of organic waste as well as regulation of global emissions of greenhouse gases. Organic residues in anaerobic digestion (AD) and thermochemical processes producing biogas, which in turn is upgraded to biomethane that could be a viable path towards sustainability. Techniques such as co-substrate dosing could increase the yield of biomethane was addressed in detail. The findings of this research focus on biomethane importance, the type of materials utilized and technologies in their production. It also explores its application in transportation, electricity and heat generation, describing its participation towards reduction to emission of greenhouse gases. It is important to provide critical analysis of biomethane prospects and its associated difficulties, as well as the numerous advantages it offers as a prospective replacement for traditional energy sources. This includes the current and future responsibilities, new trends in renewal energy legislation and market development. As the world attempts to make sustainable energy systems, there can be no doubt that biomethane will play an integral part in the movement towards efficient and greener energy systems.