Weak synaptic connections may facilitate spiral wave formation under source-sink interactions

This study explores the interaction between two distinct sites, termed the source and the sink, to analyze the possibility of spiral wave formation. To this aim, a grid of memristive FitzHugh–Nagumo elements is designed to simulate biological excitable media, such as the myocardium. The source, characterized by high excitation levels with a gradual increase in the recovery variable, is primed to generate an excitatory wavefront. In contrast, the sink remains quiescent in excitation yet elevated in the recovery state, thus tending to absorb excitation as it is temporarily unexcitable but soon recoverable. Existing literature on spiral wave formation primarily focuses on rotor formation under source–sink adjacency. This work, on the other hand, examines the potential for re-entrant behavior under spatial separation between the source and the sink. Within the context of eight-nearest neighbor coupling, the results indicate that the time delay for the excitation wave to reach the refractory state of the sink, due to the increased distance, may still facilitate re-entry if the intensity of connections is sufficiently weak. However, beyond a certain threshold of the source–sink distance under weak connections, wave breakage may occur without resulting in re-entry. For the birth of a spiral wave rotor, the tip of the excitatory wavefront must converge with its refractory back, specifically at the outermost contour in the final stage of refractoriness, referred to as the wavetail. The formation of a spiral rotor cannot arise from a wavefront encountering any site earlier in the stage of refractoriness.