A comprehensive review on current issues and advancements of Internet of Things in precision agriculture

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the basis of smart agriculture technology since it connects all aspects of intelligent systems in other industries and agricultural applications. The current farming methods are sufficient to supply adequate food in the future due to the fast-expanding global population. Smart farming aims to increase farm output and efficiency by leveraging state-of-the-art information technologies. The present study of IoT in agriculture was discussed in this review paper by studying significant literature, new techniques, protocols, challenges, issues, and potential paths for IoT-based smart farming. The soil-free technique connected to the hydroponic and aeroponic methods, known as soilless cultivation, is an alternative technology that can adapt well to such circumstances. The aeroponics method offers more advantages regarding faster plant development, increased productivity, and better nutrient absorption. Moreover, several methods and their measures used in aeroponics system using IoT devices were discussed.