Sustainable adaptation of heritage buildings in tropical rainforest climates: The innovative practice of Tanjong Pagar Railway Station in Singapore

Heritage buildings in tropical climates face unique challenges in balancing preservation with modern sustainability goals, particularly in energy efficiency and climate resilience. This study introduces a methodological framework for adapting historic buildings in tropical climates while improving their energy performance. Singapore’s Tanjong Pagar Railway Station serves as the primary case study for this investigation. The methodology combines climate analysis, heritage-compatible redesign, and photovoltaic integration. These elements are validated through sophisticated digital modeling and performance simulations. Results demonstrate significant energy efficiency improvements through custom-designed photovoltaic systems, potentially reducing annual energy consumption by up to 83% while preserving historical integrity. This research provides a scalable model for sustainable heritage conservation in tropical regions. It offers valuable insights for urban planners, policymakers, and conservationists working at the intersection of cultural preservation and sustainable development. The findings can inform policy development and conservation practices across Southeast Asia and similar tropical regions facing heritage adaptation challenges.