Sunlight-assisted green synthesis of gold nanocubes using horsetail leaf extract: A highly selective colorimetric sensor for Pb2+, photocatalytic and antimicrobial agent

This work aims to establish a novel approach for the selective synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) with defined shape and size as well as excellent colloidal stability via a facile and environmentally friendly manner. The polar extract from the leaves of the plant E. diffusum (EDLE), also known as horsetail, was used to synthesize gold NPs (EDLE@Au NPs). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and UV–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-rays (SEM-EDX), PXRD, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential (ZP) were used to characterize as-synthesized EDLE@Au NPs. The SEM imaging revealed the cubic shape of EDLE@Au NPs. Interestingly, EDLE@Au NPs interacted with different metal ions, and a shift in the LSPR band to a higher wavelength was observed only in the case of Pb2+ ions. This provided a basis for using the EDLE@Au NPs as a selective colorimetric sensor for Pb2+ ions. A linear range of 20–350 µM and a limit of detection of 4.4 µM for Pb2+ detection was achieved. To elucidate the sensing mechanism, DLS and zeta potential analyses were carried out after addition of Pb2+. A significant decrease in the zeta potential along with an increase in the particle size of the Au NPs was observed after the addition of Pb2+, suggesting the aggregation of the nanoparticles. Further, the results of the antimicrobial study showed that EDLE@Au NPs were active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. An exceptional photocatalytic activity with 96.5% degradation efficiency of EDLE@Au NPs was examined against methylene blue dye.