The Effects of Diode and Er:YAG Laser Applications on the Surface Topography of Titanium Grade 4 and Titanium Zirconium Discs with Sand-blasted and Acid-etched (SLA) Surfaces

Laser application for the treatment of peri-implantitis provides a variety of advantages; however, depending on the laser type and parameters, it may also have adverse effects on the implant surface qualities. This study's objective is to assess the effects of laser type and parameters on the surface properties of two different titanium-based implant materials: titanium Grade 4 (Ti-Grade 4) and titanium zirconium (Ti-Zr) discs with sand-blasted and acid-etched (SLA) surfaces under in vitro conditions. Sand-blasted and acid-etched discs made of titanium grade 4 (Ti-Grade 4) and titanium zirconium (Ti-Zr) were treated using 808nm AlGaAs (diode) and 2940nm Er:YAG lasers with varying parameters (i.e., diode laser in continuous wave mode, Er:YAG in short pulse mode, and Er:YAG in variable square pulse mode with four different doses). Then, the surface morphology and topography of treated discs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and optical profilometry. The 3D surface topographies of discs treated with a high power Er:YAG laser displayed irregular peaks and deep valleys, indicating surface deterioration. The average surface roughness values (Sa) of both discs varied with laser type and parameters (3.55-4.80 µm for Ti-Grade 4 versus 3.25-4.5 µm for Ti-Zr). With diode laser applications, the topography features of the discs were preserved despite a small number of irregular valleys and peaks. However, the surface morphologies of the discs were dramatically altered by erosion and local melting because of the Er:YAG laser treatment. Diode laser application appears to be the most reliable method for treating peri-implantitis, as diode laser-treated implants retained their overall surface quality despite a small number of irregular peaks and valleys.