Orbital forcing paleoenvironmental changes across the Upper Ordovician Glaciation-Lower Silurian hot shale in the Risha Gas Field, northeast Jordan

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of sedimentary successions and paleoenvironmental indicators in two wells, Rh3 and Rh46, located in NE Jordan, within the context of the Ordovician-Silurian boundary transition. By integrating spectral analysis, cyclostratigraphy and sedimentary architecture, significant shifts and cyclical patterns are identified, shedding light on paleoenvironmental changes and orbital forcing dynamics. The study reveals distinct lithological and geochemical signatures at the Risha/Mudawwara (Hirnantian/Rhuddanian) boundary, indicative of major shifts in depositional environments. Analysis of Milankovitch cycles suggests orbital forcing as a driver of sedimentary cyclicity, with implications for understanding climatic variations during the Ordovician-Silurian transition. Spectral analysis revealed significant cycles with different periodicities. Testing the sediment accumulation rates (SAR) revealed an optimum SAR at 5.9 and 4.6 cm/kyr in Rh3 and Rh46 wells, respectively. A new refined astronomical time scale (ATS) is created based on the 100 kyr eccentricity cycle. The new ATS assigns the Risha Formation to the Hirnantian age and revealed a probable time gap at the base of Risha Formation of about 0.3 myr in Rh46 well; deposition of the Risha Formation commenced at 444.88 myr and 444.58 myr in Rh3 and Rh46 wells, respectively, with sedimentation continuing up to the Ordovician/Silurian boundary at 443.07 myr. The Ordovician/Silurian transition experienced shortening in the obliquity and precession cycles. The tuned data show that the 41, 36 and 31 kyr obliquity cycles, in addition the 21, 19 and 16 kyr precession cycles, were recognised. Furthermore, 740, 425, 250, 147 and 100 kyr eccentricity cycles were also recognised. Notably, the study identifies the glacial/fluvioglacial Risha Formation is bounded by g4-g3 eccentricity nodes coinciding with Hirnantian stage boundaries that correspond to significant geological events, such as the Late Ordovician Mass Extinction and the Hirnantian glaciation events. The g4-g3 eccentricity cycle is estimated to be 1.8 myr. Surprisingly, the lower Silurian OAE coincided with the g4-g3 eccentricity node at the Ordovician/Silurian transition. Additionally, the application of DYNOT modelling has elucidated sea-level fluctuations and their relationship with sedimentary sequences, highlighting the role of tectonic and climatic factors in shaping the sedimentary architecture. Furthermore, the investigation of Th/U and Th/K ratios provides insights into marine and terrestrial depositional settings.