Electrochemical deposition of hydrothermally pretreated TiO2 on aluminium substrate through the formation of peroxotitanium complex and their application towards visible light assisted photocurrent generation

Herein, we report a novel method for the electrochemical deposition of TiO2 on Al substrate through the formation of peroxotitanium complex without any post heat treatment process. The alkaline treated titanium precursors were used as an electrolyte and TiO2 was deposited onto aluminium substrate by both cathodic reduction and electrophoretic deposition through the formation of peroxotitanium complex. The electrodeposition process was optimized by varying the pH, concentration of the electrolyte, deposition voltage, time and area of the electrode respectively. The optimized condition to obtain a maximum yield is as follows: voltage (4.5 V), time (2.5 h), pH (5) and area of the electrode 3 × 3 cm2. The deposits were then characterized using various material characterization techniques such as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy respectively. The morphological analysis showed the deposition of nanocrystalline TiO2 with irregular morphology on Al substrate. The AFM revealed a non-uniform deposition of TiO2 with high surface roughness (average roughness: 44.60 nm). The XRD pattern and Raman spectrum confirmed the presence of anatase phase of TiO2. The obtained TiO2 were then subjected to photoelectrochemical studies by coating over an ITO electrode. The nanocrystalline TiO2 showed excellent photocurrent response which could be due to the short hole retrieval and fast electron transport across the electrode-electrolyte interface. The proposed method can be promising towards the industrial application for the extraction and recovery of TiO2 from the mineral ore residues and spent mining waste.