Development and application of novel biosensors for enhanced detection in medical diagnostics

Biosensors have emerged as crucial medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring tools, offering high sensitivity, specificity, and rapid detection capabilities. This review highlights recent advancements in biosensor technologies, mainly focusing on integrating nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene oxide, and gold nanoparticles. These nanomaterials enhance biosensor performance by increasing surface area, facilitating electron transfer, and providing tunable functionalization options essential for capturing and detecting analytes. The review explores applications of biosensors in the early detection of diseases, where detecting biomarkers at low concentrations is critical for timely medical intervention. Furthermore, the application of biosensors in environmental monitoring is discussed, emphasizing their role in detecting pollutants and ensuring safety standards. Special attention is given to epidermal biosensors for non-invasive monitoring and their distinguishing features compared to other biosensors. Despite the significant progress in biosensor development, challenges such as stability, reproducibility, and real-world integration remain. Addressing these challenges is crucial for the widespread adoption of biosensors in clinical and environmental settings.