Nanobiosensors in cancer diagnostics: From biomarker detection to point-of-care applications

Nanobiosensors are revolutionizing cancer diagnostics by providing unparalleled specificity and sensitivity for the early detection and surveillance of malignant diseases. In this review, we comprehensively synthesized recent advances in nanobiosensor technologies with a particular emphasis on their potential clinical use for early detection of cancer, therapeutic monitoring, and disease management. We discuss the incorporation of different nanomaterials ranging from gold nanoparticles to carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, and other two-dimensional materials into biosensor platforms that improve analytical performance and keep the detection of circulating cancer markers minimally invasive and real-time. We also consider the role of artificial intelligence-powered biosensors in improving diagnostic accuracy and facilitating point-of-care testing. Nevertheless, despite the level of innovation and potential benefits of using nanobiosensors, challenges such as standardization, regulatory approval, and large-scale clinical validation remain. By critically reviewing our approach to the methodologies of nanobiosensors in practice and drawing attention to the major barriers to clinical translation, we highlight the urgency of promoting cross-discipline innovation to enable the future use of nanobiosensors to improve personalized cancer treatment and routine oncology practice.