Rapid and selective detection of furazolidone, chloramphenicol and dimetridazole using a multi-dimensional heterojunction electrochemical sensor

The escalating global threat of antibiotic contamination in food and environmental matrices necessitates rapid, sensitive detection solutions. Current analytical methods suffer from limitations in multiplexing capability, portability, and sensitivity for trace antibiotic residues. Here, we report a high-performance electrochemical sensor based on a dual-metal iron/nickel metal-organic framework (Fe/Ni-MOFs/CNTs/rGO) nanocomposite supported by carbon nanotubes/reduced graphene oxide, for the simultaneous detection of furazolidone (FZD), chloramphenicol (CAP), and dimetridazole (DMZ). This sensor exhibits excellent detection performance, with a wide linear range (0.5–250 μM for FZD, 0.4–1036.8 μM for CAP, 0.2–576 μM for DMZ), and extremely low detection limits—(LOD) (0.08, 0.03, and 0.01 μM, respectively). Moreover, the recovery rate in complex matrices (eggs, milk, and lake water) exceeds 95 %, demonstrating excellent anti-interference ability. This work elucidates electron-coupled proton transfer mechanisms enabling portable antibiotic detection, bridging lab-scale innovation to practical monitoring solutions.