Exploring the potential of saponins from Dicotyledonous plants in sustainable pest management: innovations and challenges; A reveiw

Plants produce a diverse array of secondary metabolites, including saponins, which play significant roles in defense against herbivores. This review investigates the potential of saponins from dicotyledonous plants, particularly within the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family—encompassing species such as alfalfa, grass peas, lupins, lentils, chickpeas, and soybeans—as tools for sustainable pest management. We provide a comparative analysis with other natural pest control agents, emphasizing the unique advantages and limitations of saponins. The molecular and biochemical mechanisms by which saponins affect pest physiology are explored, alongside discussions on their synergistic effects with other pest control substances. Recent field trials and case studies are reviewed to assess the practical applications, effectiveness, and challenges encountered. The environmental impact, safety considerations, and economic feasibility of saponin use are critically examined. Innovations in saponin extraction, formulation, and application methods are highlighted. Perspectives on integrating saponins into integrated pest management systems and addressing regulatory hurdles are also discussed. Further research is needed to explore the development of cost-effective extraction methods, the potential for resistance development among pests, and the scalability of saponin-based solutions in large-scale agricultural systems. This review offers a comprehensive overview of how saponins can contribute to sustainable agriculture, highlighting key areas for future research and innovation.