Advances and applications of peripheral optogenetics in animal models

Peripheral optogenetics is an emerging neuromodulation technique that regulates the activity of the nervous system outside the brain through the expression of photosensitive proteins and the application of photic stimulation. This article reviews recent advances in applying optogenetics to the spinal cord and peripheral nerves, offering a comprehensive understanding of the functions and regulatory mechanisms of the peripheral nervous system through the modulation of specific neuronal activities. By showcasing novel opportunities for disease treatment, this technique opens new avenues in psychophysiological research and neural regulation therapy. Despite current challenges, such as operability, effectiveness, and selective neuron targeting, peripheral optogenetics holds significant potential for advancing neuromodulation. Continued research and technological innovations will further expand its role, offering new possibilities for understanding and treating disorders involving the peripheral nervous system.