Soret-Dufour Driven Unsteady MHD Bioconvective Tetra-Hybrid Nano-additives over Rotating Disks with Varying Thermophysical Property

Purpose and noveltyTetra-hybrid nanofluid has major significant due to their advancement in thermal and physical properties. By combining four distinct nanoparticles into base fluid, tetra-hybrid nanofluids exhibit enhanced thermal conductivity, heat transfer efficiency and stability compared to traditional and di- or tri-hybrid nanofluids. The present study investigates the magnetohydrodynamic behavior of an unsteady tetra-hybrid nanofluid past a permeable rotating disk incorporating gyrotactic microorganisms, multiple slip boundary conditions, Soret-Dufour effects and variable viscosity and thermal conductivity. It gives new insights into the factors of these effects on boundary layer, skin friction and Nusselt number, with practical implications for improving thermal management systems while filling gaps not thoroughly investigated in prior studies.