Rare earth orthoferrites (RFeO3, R= rare earth elements): A comprehensive review of structural, dielectric, and magnetic properties

Rare earth-based orthoferrites perovskite oxides RFeO3 (R = rare earth ions) have been studied by many researchers across the globe for their potential applications as smart devices due to their interesting properties. The understanding of the different properties of these kinds of materials requires a comprehensive analysis of their structural, dielectric, and magnetic attributes. This review summarizes the structural stability, dielectric, and magnetic properties of rare-earth-based orthoferrites perovskite oxides. It also provides basic knowledge for the synthesis and characterizations of rare-earth-based perovskite oxides by introducing fundamental knowledge to researchers. The study therefore, will help the readers to address the challenges like weak ferromagnetism, complex magnetic interactions, difficulties in precise material synthesis for growing high-quality single crystals, doping strategies for desired applications and temperature-dependent behaviours that limit their room-temperature applications. This tenability unlocks applications across diverse fields, including advanced data storage, sensitive gas sensors, efficient fuel cells, magnetically recoverable catalysts, and innovative magnetic devices, all vital for next-generation smart manufacturing technologies.