Recent Advancements in Microcystin Detection: A Comprehensive Review of Immunosensors and Nucleic Acid-Based Biosensors for Efficient Monitoring in Drinking Water and Human Samples

Cyanobacteria produce harmful peptides called microcystins (MCs), which are a major concern for the public's health and the water supply. The safety of the water supply depends on the accurate identification of these toxins. A state-of-the-art immunosensor that immobilizes MC variants targeted by monoclonal antibodies onto nanostructured substrates allows for fast and selective detection of MC, as discussed in this review article. Incorporating nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes, the detector improves the effectiveness of the signal, allowing it to identify as low as 0.05 ppb with a response time of <10 min. With its stable performance over time, this type of sensor is excellent for field deployment and ongoing surveillance. Miniaturizing the device, improving its multifaceted tracking capabilities, and testing it in real-world events are the main goals of future research. The integration of novel technologies and nanomaterials is highlighted in the review as an approach to enhance sensitivity, accessibility, and exchange of data in real-time. Miniaturized portable devices, enhancement of signals, and connection with the Internet of Things are highlighted as significant innovations in environmental monitoring and public health protection. To protect ecosystems and public health, next-generation biosensing technologies could decrease MC contamination in water bodies.