Open Access
Open access
volume 403 issue 10440 pages 2133-2161

Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Alize J Ferrari
Damian Francesco Santomauro
Amirali Aali
Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate
Cristiana Abbafati
Hedayat Abbastabar
Samar Abd ElHafeez
Michael Abdelmasseh
Sherief Abd-Elsalam
Arash Abdollahi
Auwal Abdullahi
Kedir Hussein Abegaz
Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga
Richard Gyan Aboagye
HASSAN ABOLHASSANI
Lucas Guimarães Abreu
Hasan Abualruz
Eman Abu-Gharbieh
Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh
Ilana N. Ackerman
Isaac Yeboah Addo
Giovanni Addolorato
Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi
Abiola Victor Adepoju
Habeeb Omoponle Adewuyi
Shadi Afyouni
Saira Afzal
Sina Afzal
Antonella Agodi
AQEEL AHMAD
Danish Ahmad
Firdos Ahmad
Shahzaib Ahmad
Ahmed Ali
Luai A. Ahmed
Muktar Beshir Ahmed
Marjan Ajami
Karolina Akinosoglou
Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif
Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan
Samer O. Alalalmeh
Ziyad Al-Aly
Mohammed Albashtawy
Robert W Aldridge
Meseret Desalegn Alemu
Yihun Mulugeta Alemu
Kefyalew Addis Alene
Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi
Maryam Alharrasi
Robert Kaba Alhassan
Mohammed Usman Ali
Rafat Ali
Syed Shujait Shujait Ali
Sheikh Mohammad Alif
Syed Mohamed Aljunid
Sabah Al-Marwani
Joseph Uy Almazan
Mahmoud A Alomari
Basem Al-Omari
Altaany Zaid
Nelson Alvis-Guzman
Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk
Hassan Alwafi
Mohammad Sami Al-Wardat
Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi
Safwat Aly
Karem H Alzoubi
Azmeraw T. Amare
Prince M. Amegbor
Edward Kwabena Ameyaw
Tarek Tawfik Amin
Alireza Amindarolzarbi
Sohrab Amiri
Dickson A Amugsi
Robert Ancuceanu
Deanna Anderlini
David B. Anderson
Pedro Prata Andrade
Catalina Liliana Andrei
Hossein Ansari
Catherine M Antony
Saleha Anwar
Sumadi Lukman Anwar
Razique Anwer
Philip Emeka Anyanwu
Juan Pablo Arab
Jalal Arabloo
Mosab Arafat
Daniel T. Araki
Aleksandr Y. Aravkin
Mesay Arkew
Benedetta Armocida
Michael Benjamin Arndt
Mahwish Arooj
Anton A Artamonov
Raphael Taiwo Aruleba
Ashokan Arumugam
Charlie Ashbaugh
Mubarek Yesse Ashemo
Muhammad Ashraf
Marvellous O. Asika
Elaheh Askari
Thomas Astell-Burt
Seyyed Shamsadin Athari
Prince Atorkey
Maha Mohd Wahbi Atout
Alok Atreya
Avinash Aujayeb
MARCEL AUSLOOS
Abolfazl Avan
Adedapo Wasiu Awotidebe
Kofi Awuviry-Newton
Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla
Jose L. Ayuso-Mateos
Sina Azadnajafabad
Rui M.S. Azevedo
Abraham Samuel Babu
Muhammad Badar
Ashish D Badiye
Soroush Baghdadi
Nasser Bagheri
Sulaiman Bah
Ruhai Bai
Jennifer L. Baker
Shankar M. Bakkannavar
Abdulaziz T Bako
Senthilkumar Balakrishnan
Kiran Bam
Palash Chandra Banik
Martina Barchitta
Mainak Bardhan
Erfan Bardideh
Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo
Hiba Jawdat Barqawi
Amadou Barrow
Sandra Barteit
Lingkan Barua
Somaye Bashiri Aliabadi
Afisu Basiru
Sanjay Basu
Saurav Basu
Prapthi Persis Bathini
Kavita Batra
Bernhard T. Baune
Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn
Babak Behnam
Amir Hossein Behnoush
Maryam Beiranvand
Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez
Michelle L. Bell
Olorunjuwon Omolaja Bello
Apostolos Beloukas
Isabela M. Bensenor
Zombor Berezvai
Eduardo Bernabe
Robert S. Bernstein
Paulo J G Bettencourt
Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula
Neeraj Bhala
Dinesh Bhandari
Ashish Bhargava
Sonu Bhaskar
Vivek Bhat
Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
Manpreet S. Bhatti
Rajbir Bhatti
Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Boris Bikbov
Jessica Devin Bishai
Catherine Bisignano
Veera R Bitra
Tone Bjørge
Virginia Bodolica
Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin
Eyob Ketema Bogale
Milad Bonakdar Hashemi
Aime Bonny
Berrak Bora Basara
Hamed Borhany
Christopher Boxe
Oliver J. Brady
Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
Dejana Braithwaite
Luisa C Brant
Michael Brauer
Susanne Breitner
Hermann Brenner
Julie Brown
Traolach Brugha
Norma B Bulamu
Danilo Buonsenso
Katrin Burkart
Richard A. Burns
Reinhard Busse
Yasser Bustanji
Zahid A. Butt
Justin Byun
Florentino Luciano Caetano Dos Santos
Daniela Calina
Luis Alberto Cámera
Ismael R Campos-Nonato
Chao Cao
Angelo Capodici
Sinclair Carr
Giulia Carreras
Andrea Carugno
Márcia Carvalho
Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia
Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela
Giulio Castelpietra
Alberico L. Catapano
Maria Sofia Cattaruzza
Arthur Caye
Luca Cegolon
Francieli Cembranel
Muthia Cenderadewi
Ester Cerin
Promit Ananyo Chakraborty
Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan
Raymond N C Chan
Rama Mohan Chandika
Eeshwar K Chandrasekar
Periklis Charalampous
Vijay Kumar Chattu
Victoria Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou
Angela W Chen
An-Tian Chen
Catherine S Chen
CHEN Haowei
Nathalie M Chen
Esther T W Cheng
Chimed-Ochir Odgerel
Ritesh Chimoriya
Patrick R Ching
William C. S. Cho
Sungchul Choi
Bryan Chong
Yuen Yu Chong
Sonali Gajanan Choudhari
Rajiv Chowdhury
Steffan Wittrup McPhee Christensen
Dinh-Toi Chu
Isaac Sunday Chukwu
Eric Chung
Eunice Chung
Muhammad Chutiyami
Mareli M Claassens
Rebecca M Cogen
Alyssa Columbus
Joao Conde
Paolo Angelo Cortesi
Ewerton Cousin
Michael H. Criqui
Natália Cruz-Martins
Omid Dadras
Siyu Dai
Xiaochen Dai
Zhaoli Dai
Maxwell Ayindenaba Dalaba
Giovanni Damiani
Jai K. Das
Saswati Das
Mohsen Dashti
Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes
Kairat Davletov
Diego De Leo
Aklilu Tamire Debele
Shayom Debopadhaya
Nicole K Decleene
FARAH DEEBA
Louisa Degenhardt
Cristian Del Bo’
Ivan Delgado-Enciso
Andreas K. Demetriades
Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez
Nikolaos Dervenis
Hardik Dineshbhai Desai
Rupak Desai
Keshab Deuba
Kuldeep Dhama
Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne
Sameer Dhingra
Diana Dias Da Silva
Daniel Diaz
Luis Antonio Diaz
Michael J. Diaz
Adriana Dima
Delaney D. Ding
M. Ashworth Dirac
Thao Huynh Phuong Do
Camila Bruneli Do Prado
Sushil Dohare
Regina-Mae Villanueva Dominguez
Wanyue Dong
Deepa Dongarwar
Mario D’Oria
E. Ray Dorsey
Leila Doshmangir
Robert Kokou Dowou
Tim Robert Driscoll
Haneil Larson Dsouza
Viola Dsouza
John Dube
Samuel C. Dumith
Bruce B. Duncan
Andre Rodrigues Duraes
Senbagam Duraisamy
Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye
Paulina Agnieszka Dzianach
Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic
Ejemai Eboreime
Alireza Ebrahimi
Hisham Atan Edinur
David Edvardsson
Terje Andreas Eikemo
Ebrahim Eini
Michael Ekholuenetale
Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo
Iman El Sayed
Maha El Tantawi
Iffat Elbarazi
Noha Mousaad Elemam
Ghada Metwally Tawfik ElGohary
Muhammed Elhadi
Omar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy
Gihan ELNahas
Mohammed Elshaer
Ibrahim Elsohaby
Engelbert Bain Luchuo
Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar
Babak Eshrati
Kara Estep
Natalia Fabin
Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe
Luca Falzone
Fareed Mohammad
Carla Sofia E Sá Farinha
MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris
Andre Faro
Pegah Farrokhi
Ali Fatehizadeh
Nelsensius Klau Fauk
Valery L. Feigin
Xiaoqi Feng
Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad
Abdullah Hamid Feroze
Nuno Ferreira
Paulo H. Ferreira
Florian Fischer
Joanne Flavel
David Flood
Luisa S. Flor
Nataliya A Foigt
Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan
Lisa M Force
Daniela Fortuna
Matteo Foschi
Richard Charles Franklin
Alberto Freitas
Takeshi Fukumoto
João M Furtado
Peter Andras Gaal
Muktar A Gadanya
Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane
Santosh Gaihre
Yaseen Galali
Mandukhai Ganbat
Aravind P Gandhi
Balasankar Ganesan
Mohd. Ashraf Ganie
Mohammad Arfat Ganiyani
William M. Gardner
Tilaye Gebru Gebi
Miglas W. Gebregergis
Mesfin Gebrehiwot
Tesfay B B Gebremariam
Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel
Yibeltal Yismaw Gela
Simona Roxana Georgescu
Abera Getachew Obsa
Peter W. Gething
Molla Getie
Keyghobad Ghadiri
Ghadirian Fataneh
Khalid Yaser Ghailan
Alireza Ghajar
Mohammadreza Ghasemi
Ghazal Ghasempour Dabaghi
Afsaneh Ghasemzadeh
Ramy Mohamed Ghazy
Ali Gholamrezanezhad
Mahsa Ghorbani
Elena Ghotbi
Ruth Margaret Gibson
Tiffany K Gill
Themba G Ginindza
Alem Girmay
James C. Glasbey
Laszlo Göbölös
Myron Anthony Godinho
Salime Goharinezhad
Mohamad Goldust
Mahaveer Golechha
Pouya Goleij
Philimon N Gona
Giuseppe Gorini
Alessandra C Goulart
Ayman Grada
Michal Grivna
Shi-Yang Guan
Giovanni Guarducci
Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari
Mesay Dechasa Gudeta
Avirup Guha
Stefano Guicciardi
Snigdha Gulati
David Gulisashvili
Damitha Asanga Gunawardane
Cui Guo
Anish Kumar Gupta
Bhawna Gupta
Ishita Gupta
Mohak Gupta
Rajeev Gupta
Veer Bala Gupta
Vijai Kumar Gupta
Vivek Kumar Gupta
Reyna Alma Gutiérrez
Farrokh Habibzadeh
Parham Habibzadeh
Rasool Haddadi
Najah R Hadi
Nils Haep
Nima Hafezi-Nejad
Abdul Hafiz
Hailey Hagins
Esam S Halboub
Aram Halimi
Sebastian Haller
Rabih Halwani
Erin B Hamilton
Graeme J Hankey
Md. Abdul Hannan
Md Nuruzzaman Haque
Harapan Harapan
Josep Maria Haro
Jan Hartvigsen
Ahmed I Hasaballah
Ikramul Hasan
Mohammad Hasanian
Md Saquib Hasnain
Amr Hassan
Johannes Haubold
Rasmus J Havmoeller
Simon I. Hay
Khezar Hayat
Jeffrey J. Hebert
Omar E. Hegazi
Golnaz Heidari
Bartosz Helfer
Mehdi Hemmati
Delia Hendrie
Claire A. Henson
Kamal Hezam
Yuta Hiraike
Nguyen Quoc Hoan
Ramesh Holla
Julia Hon
Md. Mahbub Hossain
Hassan Hosseinzadeh
Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
Mihaela Hostiuc
Sorin Hostiuc
Johnathan M Hsu
Junjie Huang
Fernando N Hugo
Kiavash Hushmandi
Javid Hussain
Nawfal R. Hussein
Chantal K Huynh
Hong-Han Huynh
Bing-Fang Hwang
Vincent C Iannucci
Audrey L Ihler
Adalia I Ikiroma
Kevin S Ikuta
Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi
Irena M Ilic
Milena D Ilic
Mohammad Tarique Imam
Mustapha Immurana
Lalu Muhammad Irham
MD. RABIUL ISLAM
Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
Farhad Islami
Faisal Ismail
Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail
Gaetano Isola
Masao Iwagami
Chidozie C D Iwu
Iyer Mahalaxmi
Jalil Jaafari
Kathryn H. Jacobsen
Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
Morteza Jafarinia
Khushleen Jaggi
Kasra Jahankhani
Nader Jahanmehr
Haitham Jahrami
Akhil Jain
Nityanand Jain
Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun
Abhishek Jaiswal
Mihajlo Jakovljevic
Ibrahim Jatau Abubakar
Sabzali Javadov
Tahereh Javaheri
Sathish Kumar Jayapal
Shubha Jayaram
Sun Ha Jee
Jayakumar Jeganathan
Angeline Jeyakumar
Anil K Jha
Heng Jiang
Yinzi Jin
Jost B. Jonas
Tamas Joo
Abel Joseph
Nitin Joseph
Charity Ehimwenma Joshua
Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak
Mikk Jürisson
Vaishali K
Billingsley Kaambwa
Ali Kabir
Zubair Kabir
Vidya Kadashetti
Rizwan Kalani
Leila R Kalankesh
Feroze Kaliyadan
Sanjay Kalra
Kaloyan Kamenov
Naser Kamyari
Thanigaivelan Kanagasabai
Himal Kandel
Arun R. Kanmanthareddy
Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi
Rami S. Kantar
Ibraheem M. Karaye
Salah Eddin Karimi
Yeganeh Karimi
Hengameh Kasraei
Molly B Kassel
Joonas H. Kauppila
Norito Kawakami
Gbenga A Kayode
Foad Kazemi
Sina Kazemian
Leila Keikavoosi-Arani
Cathleen Keller
John H Kempen
Jessica A. Kerr
Kamyab Keshtkar
Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot
Mohammad Keykhaei
Himanshu Khajuria
Amirmohammad Khalaji
Asaad Khalid
Nauman Khalid
Alireza Khalilian
Faham Khamesipour
Asaduzzaman Khan
Ikramullah Khan
Maseer Khan
Moien Ab Khan
Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi
Khaled Khatab
Fatemeh Khatami
Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh
Amir M Khater
Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani
Feriha Fatima Khidri
Elaheh Khodadoust
Moein Khormali
Zahra Khorrami
Zemene Demelash Kifle
Min Seo Kim
Ruth W Kimokoti
Adnan Kisa
Sezer Kisa
Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen
Jonathan M. Kocarnik
Sonali Kochhar
Hyun Yong Koh
Ali-Asghar Kolahi
Farzad Kompani
Gerbrand Koren
Oleksii Korzh
Soewarta Kosen
Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana
Kewal Krishan
Varun Krishna
Vijay Krishnamoorthy
Barthelemy Kuate Defo
Md Abdul Kuddus
Mohammed Kuddus
Ilari Kuitunen
Vishnutheertha Kulkarni
Manasi Kumar
Nithin Kumar
Rakesh Kumar
Om P. Kurmi
Dian Kusuma
Hmwe Hmwe Kyu
Carlo La Vecchia
Ben Lacey
Muhammad Awwal Ladan
Lucie Laflamme
Alessandra Lafranconi
Chandrakant Lahariya
Daphne Teck Ching Lai
Dharmesh Kumar Lal
Ratilal Lalloo
Tea Lallukka
Judit Lám
Qing Lan
Tuo Lan
Iván Landires
Francesco Lanfranchi
Berthold Langguth
Ariane Laplante-Lévesque
Bagher Larijani
Anders O Larsson
Savita Lasrado
Paolo Lauriola
Le Huu-Hoai
Long Khanh Dao Le
Nhi Huu Hanh Le
Trang Diep Thanh Le
Janet L Leasher
Caterina Ledda
Munjae Lee
Paul H. Lee
SANG-WOONG LEE
Seung Won Lee
Wei-Chen Lee
Yo Han Lee
Kate E Legrand
Jacopo Lenzi
Elvynna Leong
Janni Leung
Ming-Chieh Li
Wei Li
Xiaopan Li
Yichong Li
Yongze Li
Lee-Ling Lim
Stephen S. Lim
Megan Lindstrom
Shai Linn
Gang Liu
Runben Liu
Shiwei Liu
Wei Liu
Xiaofeng Liu
Xuefeng Liu
Erand Llanaj
Chun-Han Lo
Rubén López-Bueno
Arianna Maever Loreche
László Lorenzovici
Rafael Lozano
Jailos Lubinda
Giancarlo Lucchetti
Raimundas Lunevicius
Jay B Lusk
Hengliang Lv
Zheng Feei Ma
Nikolaos Machairas
Áurea M Madureira-Carvalho
Javier A Magaña Gómez
Azzam A. Maghazachi
Preeti Maharjan
Phetole Walter Mahasha
Mina Maheri
Soleiman Mahjoub
Mansour Adam Mahmoud
Elham Mahmoudi
Azeem Majeed
Konstantinos Christos Makris
Elaheh Malakan Rad
Kashish Malhotra
Ahmad Azam Malik
Iram Malik
Deborah Carvalho Malta
Yosef Manla
Ali Mansour
Pejman Mansouri
Mohammad Ali Mansournia
Ana M Mantilla Herrera
Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani
Emmanuel Manu
Hamid Reza Marateb
Parham Mardi
GABRIEL MARTINEZ
Ramon Martinez-Piedra
Daniela Martini
Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo
Miquel Martorell
Wolfgang Marx
Sharmeen Maryam
Roy Rillera Marzo
Yasith Mathangasinghe
Stephanie Mathieson
Alexander G. Mathioudakis
Jishanth Mattumpuram
Andrea Maugeri
Mahsa Mayeli
Mohsen Mazidi
Antonio Mazzotti
JOHN J. McGRATH
Martin McKee
Anna Laura W Mckowen
Michael A McPhail
Kamran Mehrabani-Zeinabad
Entezar Mehrabi Nasab
Tesfahun Mekene Meto
Walter Mendoza
Ritesh G. Menezes
George A. Mensah
Alexios-Fotios A Mentis
Sultan Ayoub Meo
Haftu Asmerom Meresa
Atte Meretoja
Tuomo J. Meretoja
Abera M Mersha
Tomislav Mestrovic
Kukulege Chamila Dinushi Mettananda
Sachith Mettananda
Irmina Maria Michalek
Paul Anthony Miller
Ted R. Miller
Edward J. Mills
Le Huu Nhat Minh
Antonio Mirijello
Erkin M. Mirrakhimov
Mizan Kiros Mirutse
Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari
MARYAM MIRZAEI
Roya Mirzaei
Awoke Misganaw
Ajay Kumar Mishra
Philip B. Mitchell
Chaitanya Mittal
Babak Moazen
Madeline E Moberg
Mohamed Jama
Mouhand F.H. Mohamed
Nouh Saad Mohamed
Esmaeil Mohammadi
Soheil Mohammadi
Hussen Mohammed
Mohammed Salahuddin
Shafiu Mohammed
Robin M Mohr
Ali H. Mokdad
Sabrina Molinaro
Sara Momtazmanesh
Lorenzo Monasta
Stefania Mondello
Amirali Moodi Ghalibaf
Maryam Moradi
Yousef Moradi
Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
Paula Moraga
Lidia Morawska
Rafael Silveira Moreira
Negar Morovatdar
Shane Douglas Morrison
Jakub Morze
Abbas Mosapour
Jonathan F Mosser
Elias Mossialos
Rohith Motappa
Vincent Mougin
Simin Mouodi
Matías Mrejen
Ahmed Msherghi
Sumaira Mubarik
Ulrich Otto Mueller
Francesk Mulita
Kavita Munjal
Efrén Murillo-Zamora
Murlimanju BV
Ghulam Mustafa
Sathish Muthu
Muhammad Muzaffar
Woojae Myung
Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan
Pirouz Naghavi
GANESH R. NAIK
Firzan Nainu
Sanjeev Nair
Hastyar Hama Rashid Najmuldeen
Vinay Nangia
Atta Abbas Naqvi
Aparna Ichalangod Narayana
Shumaila Nargus
Gustavo G. Nascimento
Abdulqadir J. Nashwan
Ali Nasrollahizadeh
Amir Nasrollahizadeh
Zuhair S. Natto
Biswa Prakash Nayak
Vinod C Nayak
Sabina Onyinye Nduaguba
Hadush Negash
Ionut Negoi
Ruxandra Irina Negoi
Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi
Olivia D Nesbit
Henok Biresaw Netsere
Marie Ng
Georges Nguefack-Tsague
Josephine W Ngunjiri
Dang H Nguyen
Hien Quang Nguyen
Robina Khan Niazi
Taxiarchis Konstantinos Nikolouzakis
Ali Nikoobar
Fatemeh Nikoomanesh
Amin Reza Nikpoor
Chukwudi A Nnaji
Lawrence Achilles Nnyanzi
Efaq Ali Noman
Shuhei Nomura
Bo Norrving
Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi
George Ntaios
Mpiko Ntsekhe
Dieta Nurrika
Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam
Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam
Bogdan Oancea
Ismail A Odetokun
Martin James O'Donnell
Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade
James Odhiambo Oguta
Hassan Okati-Aliabad
Sylvester Reuben Okeke
Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle
Osaretin Christabel Okonji
Andrew T Olagunju
Omotola O Olasupo
Matthew Idowu Olatubi
Gláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira
Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa
Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya
Jacob Olusegun Olusanya
Hany A Omar
Goran Latif Omer
Abidemi E Emmanuel Omonisi
Sandersan Onie
Obinna E Onwujekwe
Michal Ordak
Verner N. Orish
Doris V Ortega-Altamirano
Alberto Ortiz
Edgar Ortiz-Brizuela
Wael M.S. Osman
Samuel M Ostroff
Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu
Adrian Otoiu
Nikita Otstavnov
Stanislav S Otstavnov
Amel Ouyahia
Guoqing Ouyang
Mayowa O. Owolabi
Mahesh Padukudru P A
Alicia Padron-Monedero
Jagadish Rao Padubidri
Tamás Palicz
Claudia Palladino
Feng Pan
Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal
Helena Ullyartha Pangaribuan
Georgios D. Panos
Leonidas D Panos
Anca Mihaela Pantea Stoian
Shahina Pardhan
Romil R. Parikh
Ava Pashaei
Maja Pasovic
Roberto Passera
Jay Patel
Sangram Kishor Patel
Shankargouda Patil
Dimitrios Patoulias
Venkata Suresh Patthipati
Shrikant Pawar
Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi
Spencer A Pease
Amy E. Peden
Paolo Pedersini
Minjin Peng
Umberto Pensato
Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito
Emmanuel K Peprah
Prince Peprah
João Perdigão
Maria Odete Pereira
Arokiasamy Perianayagam
Norberto Perico
Konrad Pesudovs
Fanny Emily Petermann-Rocha
William A. Petri
Hoang Tran Pham
Anil K Philip
Michael R. Phillips
Manon Pigeolet
David M. Pigott
Julian David Pillay
Zahra Zahid Piracha
Saeed Pirouzpanah
Dietrich Plass
Evgenii Plotnikov
Dimitri Poddighe
Suzanne Polinder
Maarten J. Postma
Naeimeh Pourtaheri
Sergio I Prada
Pranil Man Singh Pradhan
V. Prakash
Manya Prasad
Elton Junio Sady Prates
Tina Priscilla
Natalie Pritchett
Pooja Puri
Jagadeesh Puvvula
Nameer Hashim Qasim
Ibrahim Qattea
Asma Saleem Qazi
Gangzhen Qian
Mehrdad Rabiee Rad
Raghu Anekal Radhakrishnan
Venkatraman Radhakrishnan
Hadi Raeisi Shahraki
Quinn Rafferty
Alberto Raggi
Pankaja Raghav Raghav
Md Jillur Rahim
Md Mosfequr Rahman
Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman
Mosiur Rahman
Muhammad Aziz Rahman
Shayan Rahmani
Mohammad Rahmanian
Setyaningrum Rahmawaty
Sathish Rajaa
Mahmoud Mohammed Ramadan
Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy
Premkumar Ramasubramani
Sheena Ramazanu
Kritika Rana
Chhabi Lal Ranabhat
Rancic Nemanja
Amey Rane
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ROBERT G. WEINTRAUB
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Axel Walter Wolf
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Sarah Wulf Hanson
Yanjie Xia
Hong Xiao
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Lalit Yadav
Ali Yadollahpour
Sajad Yaghoubi
Kazumasa Yamagishi
Lin Yang
Yuichiro Yano
Yao Yao
Habib Yaribeygi
Mohammad Hosein Yazdanpanah
Pengpeng Ye
Sisay Shewasinad Yehualashet
Subah Abderehim Yesuf
Saber Yezli
Arzu Yiğit
Vahit Yiğit
Zeamanuel Anteneh Yigzaw
Yazachew Yismaw
Dong Keon Yon
Naohiro Yonemoto
Mustafa Z. Younis
Chuanhua Yu
Yong Yu
Hadiza Yusuf
Mondal Hasan Zahid
Fathiah Zakham
Leila Zaki
Nazar Zaki
Burhan Abdullah Zaman
Nelson Zamora
Ramin Zand
Ghazal G Z Zandieh
Heather J. Zar
Armin Zarrintan
Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin
Haijun Zhang
Ning Zhang
Yunquan Zhang
Hanqing Zhao
Chenwen Zhong
Panliang Zhong
Juexiao Zhou
Zhaohua Zhu
Makan Ziafati
Magdalena Zielińska
Stephanie R M Zimsen
Mohammad Zoladl
Alimuddin Zumla
Samer H. Zyoud
Theo Vos
Christopher J. L. Murray
Publication typeJournal Article
Publication date2024-05-01
scimago Q1
wos Q1
SJR12.113
CiteScore87.6
Impact factor88.5
ISSN01406736, 1474547X
Abstract
Detailed, comprehensive, and timely reporting on population health by underlying causes of disability and premature death is crucial to understanding and responding to complex patterns of disease and injury burden over time and across age groups, sexes, and locations. The availability of disease burden estimates can promote evidence-based interventions that enable public health researchers, policy makers, and other professionals to implement strategies that can mitigate diseases. It can also facilitate more rigorous monitoring of progress towards national and international health targets, such as the Sustainable Development Goals. For three decades, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) has filled that need. A global network of collaborators contributed to the production of GBD 2021 by providing, reviewing, and analysing all available data. GBD estimates are updated routinely with additional data and refined analytical methods. GBD 2021 presents, for the first time, estimates of health loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic.The GBD 2021 disease and injury burden analysis estimated years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries using 100 983 data sources. Data were extracted from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, censuses, household surveys, disease-specific registries, health service contact data, and other sources. YLDs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific prevalence of sequelae by their respective disability weights, for each disease and injury. YLLs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific deaths by the standard life expectancy at the age that death occurred. DALYs were calculated by summing YLDs and YLLs. HALE estimates were produced using YLDs per capita and age-specific mortality rates by location, age, sex, year, and cause. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for all final estimates as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles values of 500 draws. Uncertainty was propagated at each step of the estimation process. Counts and age-standardised rates were calculated globally, for seven super-regions, 21 regions, 204 countries and territories (including 21 countries with subnational locations), and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Here we report data for 2010 to 2021 to highlight trends in disease burden over the past decade and through the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic.Global DALYs increased from 2·63 billion (95% UI 2·44-2·85) in 2010 to 2·88 billion (2·64-3·15) in 2021 for all causes combined. Much of this increase in the number of DALYs was due to population growth and ageing, as indicated by a decrease in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates of 14·2% (95% UI 10·7-17·3) between 2010 and 2019. Notably, however, this decrease in rates reversed during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, with increases in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates since 2019 of 4·1% (1·8-6·3) in 2020 and 7·2% (4·7-10·0) in 2021. In 2021, COVID-19 was the leading cause of DALYs globally (212·0 million [198·0-234·5] DALYs), followed by ischaemic heart disease (188·3 million [176·7-198·3]), neonatal disorders (186·3 million [162·3-214·9]), and stroke (160·4 million [148·0-171·7]). However, notable health gains were seen among other leading communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases. Globally between 2010 and 2021, the age-standardised DALY rates for HIV/AIDS decreased by 47·8% (43·3-51·7) and for diarrhoeal diseases decreased by 47·0% (39·9-52·9). Non-communicable diseases contributed 1·73 billion (95% UI 1·54-1·94) DALYs in 2021, with a decrease in age-standardised DALY rates since 2010 of 6·4% (95% UI 3·5-9·5). Between 2010 and 2021, among the 25 leading Level 3 causes, age-standardised DALY rates increased most substantially for anxiety disorders (16·7% [14·0-19·8]), depressive disorders (16·4% [11·9-21·3]), and diabetes (14·0% [10·0-17·4]). Age-standardised DALY rates due to injuries decreased globally by 24·0% (20·7-27·2) between 2010 and 2021, although improvements were not uniform across locations, ages, and sexes. Globally, HALE at birth improved slightly, from 61·3 years (58·6-63·6) in 2010 to 62·2 years (59·4-64·7) in 2021. However, despite this overall increase, HALE decreased by 2·2% (1·6-2·9) between 2019 and 2021.Putting the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of causes of health loss is crucial to understanding its impact and ensuring that health funding and policy address needs at both local and global levels through cost-effective and evidence-based interventions. A global epidemiological transition remains underway. Our findings suggest that prioritising non-communicable disease prevention and treatment policies, as well as strengthening health systems, continues to be crucially important. The progress on reducing the burden of CMNN diseases must not stall; although global trends are improving, the burden of CMNN diseases remains unacceptably high. Evidence-based interventions will help save the lives of young children and mothers and improve the overall health and economic conditions of societies across the world. Governments and multilateral organisations should prioritise pandemic preparedness planning alongside efforts to reduce the burden of diseases and injuries that will strain resources in the coming decades.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Ferrari A. J. et al. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 // The Lancet. 2024. Vol. 403. No. 10440. pp. 2133-2161.
GOST all authors (up to 50) Copy
Ferrari A. J. et al. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 // The Lancet. 2024. Vol. 403. No. 10440. pp. 2133-2161.
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@article{2024_Ferrari,
author = {Alize J Ferrari and Damian Francesco Santomauro and Amirali Aali and Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate and Cristiana Abbafati and Hedayat Abbastabar and Samar Abd ElHafeez and Michael Abdelmasseh and Sherief Abd-Elsalam and Arash Abdollahi and Auwal Abdullahi and Kedir Hussein Abegaz and Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga and Richard Gyan Aboagye and HASSAN ABOLHASSANI and Lucas Guimarães Abreu and Hasan Abualruz and Eman Abu-Gharbieh and Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh and Ilana N. Ackerman and Isaac Yeboah Addo and Giovanni Addolorato and Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi and Abiola Victor Adepoju and Habeeb Omoponle Adewuyi and Shadi Afyouni and Saira Afzal and Sina Afzal and Antonella Agodi and AQEEL AHMAD and Danish Ahmad and Firdos Ahmad and Shahzaib Ahmad and Ahmed Ali and Luai A. Ahmed and Muktar Beshir Ahmed and Marjan Ajami and Karolina Akinosoglou and Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif and Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan and Samer O. Alalalmeh and Ziyad Al-Aly and Mohammed Albashtawy and Robert W Aldridge and Meseret Desalegn Alemu and Yihun Mulugeta Alemu and Kefyalew Addis Alene and Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi and Maryam Alharrasi and Robert Kaba Alhassan and others},
title = {Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021},
journal = {The Lancet},
year = {2024},
volume = {403},
publisher = {Elsevier},
month = {may},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673624007578},
number = {10440},
pages = {2133--2161},
doi = {10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00757-8}
}
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Ferrari, Alize J., et al. “Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.” The Lancet, vol. 403, no. 10440, May. 2024, pp. 2133-2161. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673624007578.