The surface chemistry of graphene-based materials: functionalization, properties, and applications

Isolated graphene, a single atomic layer two-dimensional analog of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes, has sparked enormous excitement because of its fascinating properties and great potential for various applications. While pristine graphene is desirable for applications that require a high electrical conductivity, many other applications require modified or functionalized forms of graphene materials, such as graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide (rGO), or other functionalized forms. Structurally modifying graphene through chemical functionalization reveals the numerous possibilities for tuning its structure and properties. In this chapter, we focus on basic surface science issues of graphene oxide, rGO, and pristine graphene. The excellent mechanical, electronic, and adsorption properties and photocatalysis applications of the related materials are highlighted. Some challenges and opportunities for future exploration of functionalized graphene–based materials are critically discussed.