Blood–nanomaterials interactions

Due to an overwhelming amount of nanoparticles (NPs) used in modern industry and medicine, human exposure to NPs is inevitable, raising safety concerns of their application. Blood–NP interactions appear after NP internalization into the human body regardless of the uptake route. The interaction mode of NPs with blood depends on NPs’ intrinsic properties and is largely affected by the physiological environment, making it hard to relate observed effects with these factors. In the present chapter NP interactions and the following outcomes were revised separately for the main blood components: plasma proteins, leukocytes, platelets, and red blood cells. Possible toxic effects along with approaches to avoid them were also described for each blood component.