Exergetic, exergoeconomic, and sustainability analyses of diesel–biodiesel fuel blends including synthesized graphene oxide nanoparticles

• Graphene oxide nanoparticles were synthesized. • The analyses of the synthesized nanoparticles in a diesel engine in terms of exergy, exergy-economic, and sustainability were discussed. • It was noticed that the synthesized graphene oxide nanoparticles increased the exergy efficiency. • The blend including 100 ppm nanoparticles had more expensive crankshaft work but cheapest than that of neat diesel. In this study, graphene oxide nanoparticles were synthesized and added to 85 vol% diesel + 15 vol% biodiesel (D85B15) blend with amounts of 100 ppm, 500 ppm, and 1000 ppm to prepare D85B15GO100, D85B15GO500, and D85B15GO1000 blends, respectively. The prepared fuels were tested in a compression ignition diesel engine. The experiments were performed on various engine loads ranging from 3 Nm to 12 Nm with intervals of 3 Nm at fixed crankshaft speed of 2400 rpm. The results obtained from the experiments were used in the exergetic, exergoeconomic, and sustainability analyses of test engine. According to the results, D85B15GO100 had the highest exergy efficiency and sustainability index and the second-cheapest specific exergy cost of crankshaft work. As a result, at 12 Nm, the exergy efficiency, specific exergy cost of work produced by crankshaft, and sustainability index values of test engine were 25.82%, 75.82 $/GJ, 1.348 for D85B15, whereas these values were 27.05%, 77.52 $/GJ, 1.371 for D85B15GO100, respectively. Increase in graphene oxide nanoparticle content in the blend led to decrease in the exergy efficiency and sustainability index and increase in the specific exergy cost of crankshaft work. Finally, it can be concluded that D85B15GO100 is optimal fuel compared to the fuels tested in this study.