International Journal of Engineering Science, volume 159, pages 103412
A thermodynamic framework for additive manufacturing, using amorphous polymers, capable of predicting residual stress, warpage and shrinkage
Publication type: Journal Article
Publication date: 2021-02-01
Quartile SCImago
Q1
Quartile WOS
Q1
Impact factor: 5.7
ISSN: 00207225
General Materials Science
Mechanical Engineering
General Engineering
Mechanics of Materials
Abstract
A thermodynamic framework has been developed for a class of amorphous polymers used in fused deposition modeling (FDM), in order to predict the residual stresses and the accompanying distortion of the geometry of the printed part (warping). When a polymeric melt is cooled, the inhomogeneous distribution of temperature causes spatially varying volumetric shrinkage resulting in the generation of residual stresses. Shrinkage is incorporated into the framework by introducing an isotropic volumetric expansion/contraction in the kinematics of the body. We show that the parameter for shrinkage also appears in the systematically derived rate-type constitutive relation for the stress. The solidification of the melt around the glass transition temperature is emulated by drastically increasing the viscosity of the melt. In order to illustrate the usefulness and efficacy of the derived constitutive relation, we consider four ribbons of polymeric melt stacked on each other such as those extruded using a flat nozzle: each layer laid instantaneously and allowed to cool for one second before another layer is laid on it. Each layer cools, shrinks and warps until a new layer is laid, at which time the heat from the newly laid layer flows and heats up the bottom layers. The residual stresses of the existing and newly laid layers readjust to satisfy equilibrium. Such mechanical and thermal interactions amongst layers result in a complex distribution of residual stresses. The plane strain approximation predicts nearly equibiaxial tensile stress conditions in the core region of the solidified part, implying that a pre-existing crack in that region is likely to propagate and cause failure of the part during service. The free-end of the interface between the first and the second layer is subjected to the largest magnitude of combined shear and tension in the plane with a propensity for delamination.
Top-30
Journals
1
2
3
4
5
|
|
International Journal of Engineering Science
5 publications, 15.15%
|
|
Applications in Engineering Science
3 publications, 9.09%
|
|
Polymers
2 publications, 6.06%
|
|
Journal of Manufacturing Processes
2 publications, 6.06%
|
|
Russian Chemical Reviews
2 publications, 6.06%
|
|
3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing
1 publication, 3.03%
|
|
Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
1 publication, 3.03%
|
|
Symmetry
1 publication, 3.03%
|
|
Procedia Computer Science
1 publication, 3.03%
|
|
European Journal of Mechanics, A/Solids
1 publication, 3.03%
|
|
International Journal of Plasticity
1 publication, 3.03%
|
|
Composites Part C Open Access
1 publication, 3.03%
|
|
Additive Manufacturing
1 publication, 3.03%
|
|
Macromolecular Theory and Simulations
1 publication, 3.03%
|
|
Optics and Lasers in Engineering
1 publication, 3.03%
|
|
Analytical Chemistry
1 publication, 3.03%
|
|
International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
1 publication, 3.03%
|
|
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
1 publication, 3.03%
|
|
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance
1 publication, 3.03%
|
|
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering Additive Manufacturing Frontiers
1 publication, 3.03%
|
|
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science
1 publication, 3.03%
|
|
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications
1 publication, 3.03%
|
|
Applied Sciences (Switzerland)
1 publication, 3.03%
|
|
1
2
3
4
5
|
Publishers
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
|
|
Elsevier
18 publications, 54.55%
|
|
MDPI
4 publications, 12.12%
|
|
Springer Nature
2 publications, 6.06%
|
|
Autonomous Non-profit Organization Editorial Board of the journal Uspekhi Khimii
2 publications, 6.06%
|
|
SAGE
2 publications, 6.06%
|
|
Mary Ann Liebert
1 publication, 3.03%
|
|
The Royal Society
1 publication, 3.03%
|
|
Wiley
1 publication, 3.03%
|
|
American Chemical Society (ACS)
1 publication, 3.03%
|
|
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
|
- We do not take into account publications without a DOI.
- Statistics recalculated only for publications connected to researchers, organizations and labs registered on the platform.
- Statistics recalculated weekly.
Are you a researcher?
Create a profile to get free access to personal recommendations for colleagues and new articles.
Metrics
Cite this
GOST |
RIS |
BibTex
Cite this
GOST
Copy
Sreejith P., Kannan K., Rajagopal K. R. A thermodynamic framework for additive manufacturing, using amorphous polymers, capable of predicting residual stress, warpage and shrinkage // International Journal of Engineering Science. 2021. Vol. 159. p. 103412.
GOST all authors (up to 50)
Copy
Sreejith P., Kannan K., Rajagopal K. R. A thermodynamic framework for additive manufacturing, using amorphous polymers, capable of predicting residual stress, warpage and shrinkage // International Journal of Engineering Science. 2021. Vol. 159. p. 103412.
Cite this
RIS
Copy
TY - JOUR
DO - 10.1016/j.ijengsci.2020.103412
UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijengsci.2020.103412
TI - A thermodynamic framework for additive manufacturing, using amorphous polymers, capable of predicting residual stress, warpage and shrinkage
T2 - International Journal of Engineering Science
AU - Sreejith, P.
AU - Kannan, K.
AU - Rajagopal, K. R.
PY - 2021
DA - 2021/02/01
PB - Elsevier
SP - 103412
VL - 159
SN - 0020-7225
ER -
Cite this
BibTex
Copy
@article{2021_Sreejith,
author = {P. Sreejith and K. Kannan and K. R. Rajagopal},
title = {A thermodynamic framework for additive manufacturing, using amorphous polymers, capable of predicting residual stress, warpage and shrinkage},
journal = {International Journal of Engineering Science},
year = {2021},
volume = {159},
publisher = {Elsevier},
month = {feb},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijengsci.2020.103412},
pages = {103412},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijengsci.2020.103412}
}