Smart and sustainable nano-biosensing technologies for advancing stress detection and management in agriculture and beyond

Global food security is threatened by abiotic and biotic stresses. The traditional methods for detecting stress usually prove insufficient, necessitating the exploration of new approaches. This review discusses the integration of smart agriculture through advanced sensor technologies, outlining fabrication techniques and methodologies for data analysis that may enhance the monitoring of plant stress. In this work, we review applications of biosensors and nanobiosensors by describing the efficacy of the devices in the identification of different biomarkers developed due to stress and environmental changes. The review further assesses wearable sensor platforms that enable continuous and non-invasive monitoring. We also consider how 3D printing is affecting the personalization and integration of sensor designs. Further, we review herein the potentials of AI for sensor data analytics, stress pattern recognition, event forecasting, and designing targeted interventions. This review consolidates recent developments in this area and highlights the transformational potential of this integrated methodology for the betterment of plant stress monitoring and the advancement toward proactive, precision agriculture.