Selective ortho-methylation of phenol with methanol over copper manganese mixed-oxide spinel catalysts

Methylation of phenol with methanol as an alkylating agent to produce 2,6-xylenol was investigated over copper manganese mixed oxide spinels, Cu x Mn 3− x O 4 ( x = 0 , 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1) prepared through co-precipitation. The catalytic activity strongly depends on the composition, acid–base properties, and structural stability. Various parameters, including catalyst composition, reaction temperature, feed composition, and durability of the catalyst during methylation, were investigated. Mainly o -cresol and 2,6-xylenol, along with small amounts of mesitol, were found in the product. A high ortho-selectivity of 100%, with 2,6-xylenol selectivity of 74%, was observed over Cu 0.25 Mn 2.75 O 4 at 673 K. These catalysts were investigated using various techniques, including BET surface area, XRD, DRS UV–vis, TPD of NH 3 and CO 2 , TPR, and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). Powder XRD of the catalysts revealed the formation of copper–manganese spinels with hausmannite (Mn 3 O 4 ) tetragonal structure, for x = 0 – 0.5 , whereas an increase in copper content ( x > 0.5 ) led to the formation of cubic Cu 1.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 phase. DRS UV–vis, and FTIR further supported the changes in structural phases observed by XRD. Temperature-programmed desorption of CO 2 and NH 3 showed that the catalysts have strong basicity along with weak acidity when x = 0 and 0.25. XPS and XAES analysis revealed the presence of only Cu 2+ ions in fresh sample with x = 0.25 , whereas for x = 1.0 , both Cu 1+ and Cu 2+ were observed. The deactivation of the catalysts is attributed to structural changes occurring during the reaction. Catalytic activity is correlated with structure, as well as with acid–base properties.