Compact Meldonium Zwitterion as a Promising Multifunctional Surface Passivator for Perovskite Solar Cells with Increased Stability

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have demonstrated substantial development over the past decade; however, this type of device still suffers from insufficient exploitation stability. In this work, a surface passivation approach with compact meldonium zwitterions is successfully applied for the first time. The chemical structure of meldonium zwitterions allows one to achieve a combined effect on perovskite materials, simultaneously improving their optoelectronic properties and stability toward various stress factors. PSCs similarly respond to meldonium passivation via the increase of both power conversion efficiency and thermo-photostability of encapsulated devices. A mechanism of hybrid perovskite passivation by meldonium zwitterions and subsequent stabilization of the light-absorbing material is suggested in this work for the first time.