Electrical Control of Hybrid Monolayer Tungsten Disulfide–Plasmonic Nanoantenna Light–Matter States at Cryogenic and Room Temperatures

Hybrid light-matter states - polaritons - have attracted considerable scientific interest recently, motivated by their potential for development of nonlinear and quantum optical schemes. To realize such states, monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have been widely employed as excitonic materials. In addition to neutral excitons, TMDCs support charged excitons, which enables active tuning of hybrid light-matter states by electrical means. Although several reports demonstrated charged exciton polaritons in various systems, the full-range interaction control attainable even at room temperature has not been realized. Here, we demonstrate electrically tunable charged exciton-plasmon polaritons in a hybrid tungsten disulfide monolayer-plasmonic nanoantenna system. We show that electrical gating of monolayer WS2 allows tuning the oscillator strengths of neutral and charged excitons not only at cryogenic, but also at room temperature, both at vacuum and atmospheric pressure. Such electrical control enables a full-range tunable switching from strong neutral exciton-plasmon coupling to strong charged exciton-plasmon coupling. Our experimental findings allow discussing beneficial and limiting factors of charged exciton-plasmon polaritons, as well as offer routes towards realization of charged polaritonic devices at ambient conditions.